概说从16世纪开始,欧洲社会生活开始从神圣的超验领域退却了,它们越来越转向世俗的事务。纵向的天国逐渐被铲平,人们开始在地上横向地彼此观望。这种向俗务的实践性退却,同时伴随着观念领域的世俗化退却。这个从神圣到世俗的过程,一般被看做是启蒙现代性的过程,也就是说,欧洲从 Overview From the beginning of the 16th century, European social life began to retreat from the holy transcendental realm. They are increasingly turning to worldly affairs. Vertical heaven is gradually being flattened, and people begin to see each other horizontally on the ground. This practice of retreat to the popular retreat, accompanied by the concept of secular secular retreat. This process from the sacred to the secular is generally seen as the process of enlightenment of modernity, that is, from