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摘要 对广西芒果树叶片苔藓的发生情况及防治药剂进行了初步研究。调查了广西芒果主产区的南宁市(武鸣区、兴宁区)和百色市(田东县、田阳县、田林县和右江区)。在南宁市开展4种药剂的18种不同浓度或者配比组合的药剂筛选试验。结果表明,南宁市芒果树叶片平均发病率达到88.5%,右江区发病率为81.7%,其后依次为田东县、田林县和田阳县,发病率分别为56.1%、54.8%和34.2%。通过不同药剂及其不同配比药效试验,80%乙蒜素乳油的防效极显著优于46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂、32%唑酮·乙蒜素乳油和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂。80%乙蒜素乳油500倍液、1 000倍液和1 500倍液的防效分别为93.37%、85.82%和51.85%。综上,芒果树叶片苔藓已在广西全区普遍发生,南宁市和右江区受害严重,推荐使用80%乙蒜素乳油1 000倍液防治。
关键词 芒果; 叶片苔藓; 调查; 药剂筛选
中图分类号: S 459
文献标识码: A
DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2019448
Abstract The occurrence of moss on mango leaves in Guangxi was investigated and the preliminary study on the pesticide trial was conducted. Investigations were carried out in Nanning city (including Wuming and Xingning districts) and Baise city(including Youjiang district and Tiandong, Tianyang, and Tianlin counties)of Guangxi. The screening tests of 18 different pesticides or combinations of 4 agents were carried out in Nanning. The results showed that the average incidence of mango tree leaves in Nanning reached 88.5%, followed by 817% in Youjiang district, 56.1% in Tiandong county, 54.8% in Tianlin county and 34.2% in Tianyang county. According to the efficacy test of different agents and different ratios, the prevention effect of ethylicin 80% EC was significantly better than that of copper hydroxide 46% WG, triadimefon·ethylicin 32% EC and thiophanate-methyl 70% WP. The prevention effect of ethylicin 80% EC in 500 fold solution, 1 000 fold solution and 1 500 fold solution was 93.37%, 85.82% and 51.85%, respectively. To sum up, bryophytes of mango leaves have been widely distributed in Guangxi and seriously damaged in Nanning city and Youjiang district. It is recommended to use ethylicin 80% EC 1 000 fold solution for control.
Key words mango; leaves moss; investigation; pesticide trial
芒果是廣西重要的特色水果,至2017年底,全区芒果种植面积9.73万 hm2,产量68.41万t,产值35.23亿元[1]。百色市右江河谷是广西芒果的主要种植区域,该区域属亚热带季风气候,光热充沛,雨热同季,夏长冬短,有利于芒果的生长,但也适宜病虫害的发生。特别是近年来,芒果种植效益持续良好,栽培面积迅速扩大,病虫害的发生为害也日益严重。藻类寄生会引起或影响芒果病害的发生,如红锈藻Cephaleuros viriscens Kunze引起藻斑病发生,小球藻Chlorella vulgaris大量繁殖形成芒果树苔藓,诱发露水斑病。2012年以来,芒果树苔藓及露水斑病、藻斑病等病害发生逐年加重,直接影响了果品的外观及品质,降低了果农的经济收益,也给产业的发展带来了困难。在果树苔藓的研究方面,国内研究报道较少。严巧巧等[2-3]的调查研究结果表明,空气相对湿度对‘黄果柑’叶片苔藓的发生起主要作用,荫蔽和通风透光不良的果园发病普遍,不同感病程度叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率等光合参数间的差异明显,叶片感病程度越重,其SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、POD(过氧化物酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性越低,叶片光合色素含量随感病程度的增加而降低,导致树体伤害,果实品质下降。通过试验用46%氢氧化铜WG 1 500倍液防治,防效可达到85.62%。王大平等[4-6]对‘夏橙’绿斑病的研究结果表明,‘夏橙’果实和叶片上的绿斑由虚幻球藻Apatococcus lobatus引起,可随风、雨、昆虫等媒介传播,病害的发生与空气湿度密切相关,提出了用50%多菌灵·代森锰锌WP和62.25%腈菌唑·代森锰锌WP进行防治的建议。门友均等[7]开展了16种杀菌剂对柑橘虚幻球藻的防治效果试验,认为45%代森铵WG 300倍液、80%乙蒜素EC 1 000倍液和50%氯溴异氰尿酸SP 500倍液对虚幻球藻的田间防效在90%以上。张绍彬等[8]的药效试验结果表明,生石灰粉50~80倍液和99.5%冰醋酸液100~150倍液对虚幻球藻药后40 d的防治效果在79.49%~84.44%。近年来,芒果树苔藓在全区发生日益加重,特别是树龄长、管理粗放的老果园,苔藓在树体的叶片、主干、枝条和果实表面均有发生,影响树体光合作用的同时,降低了叶面施肥的效果和果实品质,促进了露水斑病、藻斑病等其他病原菌的滋生。经文献查询,目前国内外尚无芒果树苔藓的研究报道。为了掌握广西芒果种植区苔藓发生情况,探讨其发生发展的趋势,本文开展了化学防控药剂筛选试验,以期筛选出有效的化学防控药剂,克服芒果树苔藓对产业发展的障碍,促进产业的健康发展。 1 材料与方法
1.1 发生情况调查
1.1.1 调查方法
在广西芒果主栽区,以县为单位,每县选择有代表性的3个果园,在每一果园中,采用五点取样法选取5株树,分别在树的东西南北中5个方位各摘取10片叶(其中当年生已转绿新叶5片,一年龄以上老叶5片。田阳县的叶片根据当地的修剪习惯,均采集当年生已转绿新叶),将叶片带回实验室,分级记录叶片苔藓的严重度,计算发病率和病情指数。
1.1.2 叶片苔藓的分级方法及发病率、病情指数的计算方法
叶片苔藓的分级方法:S=叶片苔藓面积/叶片总面积×100%。0级,S=0,叶面无苔藓;1级,S
关键词 芒果; 叶片苔藓; 调查; 药剂筛选
中图分类号: S 459
文献标识码: A
DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2019448
Abstract The occurrence of moss on mango leaves in Guangxi was investigated and the preliminary study on the pesticide trial was conducted. Investigations were carried out in Nanning city (including Wuming and Xingning districts) and Baise city(including Youjiang district and Tiandong, Tianyang, and Tianlin counties)of Guangxi. The screening tests of 18 different pesticides or combinations of 4 agents were carried out in Nanning. The results showed that the average incidence of mango tree leaves in Nanning reached 88.5%, followed by 817% in Youjiang district, 56.1% in Tiandong county, 54.8% in Tianlin county and 34.2% in Tianyang county. According to the efficacy test of different agents and different ratios, the prevention effect of ethylicin 80% EC was significantly better than that of copper hydroxide 46% WG, triadimefon·ethylicin 32% EC and thiophanate-methyl 70% WP. The prevention effect of ethylicin 80% EC in 500 fold solution, 1 000 fold solution and 1 500 fold solution was 93.37%, 85.82% and 51.85%, respectively. To sum up, bryophytes of mango leaves have been widely distributed in Guangxi and seriously damaged in Nanning city and Youjiang district. It is recommended to use ethylicin 80% EC 1 000 fold solution for control.
Key words mango; leaves moss; investigation; pesticide trial
芒果是廣西重要的特色水果,至2017年底,全区芒果种植面积9.73万 hm2,产量68.41万t,产值35.23亿元[1]。百色市右江河谷是广西芒果的主要种植区域,该区域属亚热带季风气候,光热充沛,雨热同季,夏长冬短,有利于芒果的生长,但也适宜病虫害的发生。特别是近年来,芒果种植效益持续良好,栽培面积迅速扩大,病虫害的发生为害也日益严重。藻类寄生会引起或影响芒果病害的发生,如红锈藻Cephaleuros viriscens Kunze引起藻斑病发生,小球藻Chlorella vulgaris大量繁殖形成芒果树苔藓,诱发露水斑病。2012年以来,芒果树苔藓及露水斑病、藻斑病等病害发生逐年加重,直接影响了果品的外观及品质,降低了果农的经济收益,也给产业的发展带来了困难。在果树苔藓的研究方面,国内研究报道较少。严巧巧等[2-3]的调查研究结果表明,空气相对湿度对‘黄果柑’叶片苔藓的发生起主要作用,荫蔽和通风透光不良的果园发病普遍,不同感病程度叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率等光合参数间的差异明显,叶片感病程度越重,其SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、POD(过氧化物酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性越低,叶片光合色素含量随感病程度的增加而降低,导致树体伤害,果实品质下降。通过试验用46%氢氧化铜WG 1 500倍液防治,防效可达到85.62%。王大平等[4-6]对‘夏橙’绿斑病的研究结果表明,‘夏橙’果实和叶片上的绿斑由虚幻球藻Apatococcus lobatus引起,可随风、雨、昆虫等媒介传播,病害的发生与空气湿度密切相关,提出了用50%多菌灵·代森锰锌WP和62.25%腈菌唑·代森锰锌WP进行防治的建议。门友均等[7]开展了16种杀菌剂对柑橘虚幻球藻的防治效果试验,认为45%代森铵WG 300倍液、80%乙蒜素EC 1 000倍液和50%氯溴异氰尿酸SP 500倍液对虚幻球藻的田间防效在90%以上。张绍彬等[8]的药效试验结果表明,生石灰粉50~80倍液和99.5%冰醋酸液100~150倍液对虚幻球藻药后40 d的防治效果在79.49%~84.44%。近年来,芒果树苔藓在全区发生日益加重,特别是树龄长、管理粗放的老果园,苔藓在树体的叶片、主干、枝条和果实表面均有发生,影响树体光合作用的同时,降低了叶面施肥的效果和果实品质,促进了露水斑病、藻斑病等其他病原菌的滋生。经文献查询,目前国内外尚无芒果树苔藓的研究报道。为了掌握广西芒果种植区苔藓发生情况,探讨其发生发展的趋势,本文开展了化学防控药剂筛选试验,以期筛选出有效的化学防控药剂,克服芒果树苔藓对产业发展的障碍,促进产业的健康发展。 1 材料与方法
1.1 发生情况调查
1.1.1 调查方法
在广西芒果主栽区,以县为单位,每县选择有代表性的3个果园,在每一果园中,采用五点取样法选取5株树,分别在树的东西南北中5个方位各摘取10片叶(其中当年生已转绿新叶5片,一年龄以上老叶5片。田阳县的叶片根据当地的修剪习惯,均采集当年生已转绿新叶),将叶片带回实验室,分级记录叶片苔藓的严重度,计算发病率和病情指数。
1.1.2 叶片苔藓的分级方法及发病率、病情指数的计算方法
叶片苔藓的分级方法:S=叶片苔藓面积/叶片总面积×100%。0级,S=0,叶面无苔藓;1级,S