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初三年级的同学们已经进入了初中知识总复习阶段,准备参加中考。此时同学们既想对平时掌握的单词知识做个归纳、总结,以便掌握得更系统、更牢靠;又想在短时间内对尚未能正确熟练掌握的单词知识(拼写、用法等)给以弥补。怎么办?如何归纳、总结,又如何在短时间内弥补过去三年学习中的欠缺?现在向同学们介绍一些复习单词的方法。
一、将单词按读音规则分类,关键是抓住单词之间的异、同点,这样便于掌握拼写形式和记忆
1.利用字母组合,音形结合,分组归类,发现并记忆特殊词。如:
(1)ea发/ e /音: bread, sweater, weather,特殊词读/ ei / great
(2)al发/?蘅:/ 音: talk, wall, small,特殊词读/?琢:/half
(3)augh发/?蘅: /音: taught, daughter, caught,特殊词读/?琢:f/laugh
2.利用词尾同音同形,分组归类记忆,区分词首不同。如:
(1) would, could, should(2)kind, mind, find, behind(3)light, right, bright, fight, flight (4)other, another, mother, brother
3.归纳同音同形异义词。如:
left (左边) — left ( leave的过去式); may (可以) — May (五月); miss (想念) — Miss (小姐); China (中国) — china (瓷器); found (成立) — found ( find 的过去式和过去分词)
4.归纳同音异形异义词。如:
new — knew; weather — whether; nose — knows; pair — pear; father — farther; blue — blew; I — eye; here — hear; hour — our; past — passed; see — sea; right — write; whole — hole; won — one; meet — meat; week — weak; would — wood; aren’t — aunt; son — sun; know — no; to — too — two; buy — by — bye
二、把单词按语义范畴归类,便于联想,成串记忆
如: 1.文化用品:bag, ink, pencil, pencil-box, book, ruler, eraser
2.人体名称:head, hair, eye, nose, mouth, neck, arm, hand, leg, foot
3.服装:coat, sweater, dress, suit, trousers, shirt, skirt, blouse
4.颜色:red, orange, yellow, green, blue, black, white, brown, pink, purple, light green, dark blue
三、利用构词法归纳分类记忆单词,可取得事半功倍的效果
运用所学构词知识与词义和词性结合起来记忆单词,可以节省单纯背记单词的时间,少走弯路。初中三年学习的构词法主要有以下几种:
1.合成法(即由两个或两个以上的词合成新词的方法)。如:
合成名词:shop keeper → shopkeeper; moon cake → mooncake; class
room → classroom; black board → blackboard
合成代词:everyone; something; anybody; nothing ... etc.
2.派生法(即通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成新词的方法)。如:
(1)加前缀的情况:
mid 名词,表示“中”、“中间”。如:mid-autumn
mis 动词,表示相反的意思。如:mistake
re 动词,表示动作的重复。如:retell;return
un 介词或形容词,构成反义词。如:unhappy;unlike;unusual
a 动词,表示状态。如:asleep;alive
(2)加后缀的情况:
动词→名词:invent → inventor, invention; operate → operator, operation; drive → driver; read → reader; teach → teacher; travel → traveller; visit → visitor
形容词→副词: careful → carefully; loud → loudly; true → truly
名词→形容词: sun → sunny; rain → rainy; noise → noisy; friend → friendly; Canada → Canadian; wool → woolen; danger → dangerous
动词→形容词: help → helpful; use → useful; enjoy → enjoyable; worry → worried; interest → interested
形容词→名词: different → difference; good → goodness; foreign → foreigner
3.转化法(即由一种词类转化成另一种词类,词形不变)。如:
water(水,名词)→water(浇水,动词);plant(植物,名词)→plant(种植,动词);orange(橙子,名词)→orange(橙色的,形容词);mind(思想,名词)→mind(介意,动词)
4.缩略法(即由多个字母缩略成少数的几个字母,词义不变)。如:
television → TV; telephone → phone; bicycle → bike; physical education → PE
四、按“形、义、用”归类对比的方法复习相应单词
初中三年的学习中同学们接触了不少在“形、义、用”上有关联的单词,将它们按相同、相似或相反等功能分别加以归类对比,可以增强复习的趣味性,印象深刻,有助于保持长久记忆。
1.同义或近义词。如:
begin — start; learn — study; almost — nearly; perhaps — maybe; hard — difficult; fast — quickly; borrow — lend; can — be able to; say — speak — talk — tell; see — look at — watch; hear — listen to; many — much — a lot of — lots of; reach — get to — arrive at / in; look after— take care of; enjoy oneself — have a good time; be good at — do well in; at last — in the end— finally
2.反义词。如:
free — busy; long — short; young — old; early — late; empty — full; go — come; love — hate; ask — answer; remember — forget; up — down; inside — outside
3.对应词。如:
man — woman; father — mother; boy — girl; borrow — lend
4.形近词。如:
lift — left; heart — heard; quiet — quite; feel — fell — fall
5.用法易混的词。如:
take — bring; take — spend — pay — cost; say — speak — talk; see — look; listen — hear; too — either; many — much
五、掌握各种词形变化规则,记住有规则可循的词
英语各类词性的单词变化中,规则词占大多数,因此同学们要学会运用单词的变化规则举一反三,巧记单词,提高学习效率。但是在运用变化规则时仍不可忽视那些不规则变化的单词。单词变化的规则主要有:
1.名词复数的变化。
2.单音节形容词、副词比较级、最高级规则和不规则变化。
3.双音节以上形容词、副词比较级、最高级规则和不规则变化。
4.动词单数第三人称的变化。
5.动词现在分词的变化规则。
6.动词过去式、过去分词的变化规则。
六、归纳识记各类词组是掌握和运用单词的有效方法
英语单词中有一些积极单词,非常活跃,它们可以组成许多词组,表达不同的含义,但是所涉及到的知识点和用法又比较复杂,同学们在复习中决不可忽视这些单词,可采取以下两种方法复习。
1.围绕一个积极单词展开联想记忆,这样就可以记忆许多固定搭配的词组和常用短语。如:
有关come的词组:come in, come up, come on, come from, come back, come to school, come with…,come over to my house, come here等等。
有关get的词组:get on, get lost, get home, get off, get up, get back, get down, get dressed, get late, get to school, get ready for, get the message, get wanner等等。
2.由一个单词为切入点,以由其组成的词组为主干,进行发散思维,辐射出若干个相联词组,综合记忆。如:有关take的词组及相关词组:
take — bring; take — spend — pay — cost; take a bus — catch a bus — by bus; take a rest— have a rest; take a walk — have a walk — go for a walk; take a look(at) — have a look(at) — look at;take a photo — take a picture;take one’s time — no hurry;take care of — look after;take exercise — get exercise — do sport;take part in — join;take place — happen;take turns — it’s one’s turn to...;take one’s temperature — take medicine — see a doctor;take off — put on
在运用上述几种方法进行复习的同时,同学们不要忘记学习语言的基本规律,要主动通过组词造句、背诵默写短文故事(包括课文)、课外阅读、看图写话及与他人对话练习等形式,眼、耳、脑、手、口并用,做到“词不离句,句不离文”,由浅入深,由表及里,加深理解,增强记忆,取得最佳复习效果。
一、将单词按读音规则分类,关键是抓住单词之间的异、同点,这样便于掌握拼写形式和记忆
1.利用字母组合,音形结合,分组归类,发现并记忆特殊词。如:
(1)ea发/ e /音: bread, sweater, weather,特殊词读/ ei / great
(2)al发/?蘅:/ 音: talk, wall, small,特殊词读/?琢:/half
(3)augh发/?蘅: /音: taught, daughter, caught,特殊词读/?琢:f/laugh
2.利用词尾同音同形,分组归类记忆,区分词首不同。如:
(1) would, could, should(2)kind, mind, find, behind(3)light, right, bright, fight, flight (4)other, another, mother, brother
3.归纳同音同形异义词。如:
left (左边) — left ( leave的过去式); may (可以) — May (五月); miss (想念) — Miss (小姐); China (中国) — china (瓷器); found (成立) — found ( find 的过去式和过去分词)
4.归纳同音异形异义词。如:
new — knew; weather — whether; nose — knows; pair — pear; father — farther; blue — blew; I — eye; here — hear; hour — our; past — passed; see — sea; right — write; whole — hole; won — one; meet — meat; week — weak; would — wood; aren’t — aunt; son — sun; know — no; to — too — two; buy — by — bye
二、把单词按语义范畴归类,便于联想,成串记忆
如: 1.文化用品:bag, ink, pencil, pencil-box, book, ruler, eraser
2.人体名称:head, hair, eye, nose, mouth, neck, arm, hand, leg, foot
3.服装:coat, sweater, dress, suit, trousers, shirt, skirt, blouse
4.颜色:red, orange, yellow, green, blue, black, white, brown, pink, purple, light green, dark blue
三、利用构词法归纳分类记忆单词,可取得事半功倍的效果
运用所学构词知识与词义和词性结合起来记忆单词,可以节省单纯背记单词的时间,少走弯路。初中三年学习的构词法主要有以下几种:
1.合成法(即由两个或两个以上的词合成新词的方法)。如:
合成名词:shop keeper → shopkeeper; moon cake → mooncake; class
room → classroom; black board → blackboard
合成代词:everyone; something; anybody; nothing ... etc.
2.派生法(即通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成新词的方法)。如:
(1)加前缀的情况:
mid 名词,表示“中”、“中间”。如:mid-autumn
mis 动词,表示相反的意思。如:mistake
re 动词,表示动作的重复。如:retell;return
un 介词或形容词,构成反义词。如:unhappy;unlike;unusual
a 动词,表示状态。如:asleep;alive
(2)加后缀的情况:
动词→名词:invent → inventor, invention; operate → operator, operation; drive → driver; read → reader; teach → teacher; travel → traveller; visit → visitor
形容词→副词: careful → carefully; loud → loudly; true → truly
名词→形容词: sun → sunny; rain → rainy; noise → noisy; friend → friendly; Canada → Canadian; wool → woolen; danger → dangerous
动词→形容词: help → helpful; use → useful; enjoy → enjoyable; worry → worried; interest → interested
形容词→名词: different → difference; good → goodness; foreign → foreigner
3.转化法(即由一种词类转化成另一种词类,词形不变)。如:
water(水,名词)→water(浇水,动词);plant(植物,名词)→plant(种植,动词);orange(橙子,名词)→orange(橙色的,形容词);mind(思想,名词)→mind(介意,动词)
4.缩略法(即由多个字母缩略成少数的几个字母,词义不变)。如:
television → TV; telephone → phone; bicycle → bike; physical education → PE
四、按“形、义、用”归类对比的方法复习相应单词
初中三年的学习中同学们接触了不少在“形、义、用”上有关联的单词,将它们按相同、相似或相反等功能分别加以归类对比,可以增强复习的趣味性,印象深刻,有助于保持长久记忆。
1.同义或近义词。如:
begin — start; learn — study; almost — nearly; perhaps — maybe; hard — difficult; fast — quickly; borrow — lend; can — be able to; say — speak — talk — tell; see — look at — watch; hear — listen to; many — much — a lot of — lots of; reach — get to — arrive at / in; look after— take care of; enjoy oneself — have a good time; be good at — do well in; at last — in the end— finally
2.反义词。如:
free — busy; long — short; young — old; early — late; empty — full; go — come; love — hate; ask — answer; remember — forget; up — down; inside — outside
3.对应词。如:
man — woman; father — mother; boy — girl; borrow — lend
4.形近词。如:
lift — left; heart — heard; quiet — quite; feel — fell — fall
5.用法易混的词。如:
take — bring; take — spend — pay — cost; say — speak — talk; see — look; listen — hear; too — either; many — much
五、掌握各种词形变化规则,记住有规则可循的词
英语各类词性的单词变化中,规则词占大多数,因此同学们要学会运用单词的变化规则举一反三,巧记单词,提高学习效率。但是在运用变化规则时仍不可忽视那些不规则变化的单词。单词变化的规则主要有:
1.名词复数的变化。
2.单音节形容词、副词比较级、最高级规则和不规则变化。
3.双音节以上形容词、副词比较级、最高级规则和不规则变化。
4.动词单数第三人称的变化。
5.动词现在分词的变化规则。
6.动词过去式、过去分词的变化规则。
六、归纳识记各类词组是掌握和运用单词的有效方法
英语单词中有一些积极单词,非常活跃,它们可以组成许多词组,表达不同的含义,但是所涉及到的知识点和用法又比较复杂,同学们在复习中决不可忽视这些单词,可采取以下两种方法复习。
1.围绕一个积极单词展开联想记忆,这样就可以记忆许多固定搭配的词组和常用短语。如:
有关come的词组:come in, come up, come on, come from, come back, come to school, come with…,come over to my house, come here等等。
有关get的词组:get on, get lost, get home, get off, get up, get back, get down, get dressed, get late, get to school, get ready for, get the message, get wanner等等。
2.由一个单词为切入点,以由其组成的词组为主干,进行发散思维,辐射出若干个相联词组,综合记忆。如:有关take的词组及相关词组:
take — bring; take — spend — pay — cost; take a bus — catch a bus — by bus; take a rest— have a rest; take a walk — have a walk — go for a walk; take a look(at) — have a look(at) — look at;take a photo — take a picture;take one’s time — no hurry;take care of — look after;take exercise — get exercise — do sport;take part in — join;take place — happen;take turns — it’s one’s turn to...;take one’s temperature — take medicine — see a doctor;take off — put on
在运用上述几种方法进行复习的同时,同学们不要忘记学习语言的基本规律,要主动通过组词造句、背诵默写短文故事(包括课文)、课外阅读、看图写话及与他人对话练习等形式,眼、耳、脑、手、口并用,做到“词不离句,句不离文”,由浅入深,由表及里,加深理解,增强记忆,取得最佳复习效果。