艾奥瓦大学的理查德·温策尔说,自从1928年亚历山大·弗莱明在实验室培养皿中偶然发现霉菌中分泌的青霉素以来,“人类和细菌就开始了一场竞走”。这是一场领先者不断变化的比赛。1946年,就在青霉素随着第二次世界大战爆发而获得广泛使用的5年后,医生们发现了不易被青霉素攻破的葡萄球菌。没问题:聪明的医学家们发明或发现了新的抗生素(经常是在他们每到一个新地方就像纪念品一样地收集回来的土壤样品中)。这些药再一次打得细菌们“投降”了,但是,细菌们再次集结,能够抵挡最新药物的细菌突变体出现了。新药,随之出现更新的突变体,比赛就这样进行着。总的来说.药物始终保持微弱的领先地位,诸如结核菌和其他细菌性肺炎、败血 Richard Wentzer of Iowa University said that “human beings and bacteria started a walk” since Alexander Fleming in 1928 accidentally discovered the penicillin secreted by the mold in a laboratory petri dish. This is a leader in a constantly changing game. In 1946, just five years after penicillin was widely used as a result of the outbreak of World War II, doctors found that staphylococci were not easily broken by penicillin. No problem: Clever physicians have invented or discovered new antibiotics (often in soil samples that they collect back to each new place like a souvenir). Once again, these drugs have beaten the bacteria to “surrender”, however, and the bacteria have assembled again and bacterial mutants that can withstand the latest drugs have emerged. New drugs, followed by the emergence of newer mutants, the game is going on. In general, medicines have remained weakly leading, such as tuberculosis and other bacterial pneumonia, sepsis