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十九世纪槟城区域最强大的经济集团由五大家族(邱、谢、杨、林、陈)的福建商人组成,他们掌控着一个广泛、复杂但灵活的区域商业网络,透过家族关系﹑帮会组织和生意伙伴等关系结合。五大家族的商人以跨方言、跨族群、跨阶级和跨国界的方式控制所有主要企业如船运、转口贸易、鸦片饷码和种植经济作物,其商业网络推动和支配了整个19世纪以槟城为中心的区域市场经济和资本主义运作。作为周边地区海陆交通的扭结点,槟城的繁荣是福建商人与欧洲殖民者互动作用的共同结果。
The nineteenth-century Penang region’s most powerful economic bloc is made up of a group of five Fujian-based merchants (Qiu, Xie, Yang, Lin, Chen) who control a broad, complex but flexible regional business network through family ties Gang organization and business partners and other relationships. The five family merchants controlled all major businesses such as shipping, entrepot trade, opiate rates and growing cash crops across the dialect, cross-ethnic, cross-class and cross-border routes. Their commercial networks promoted and dominated the entire 19th century in Penang As the center of the regional market economy and capitalist operations. As a kink in the sea and land transport in the surrounding area, the prosperity of Penang is the common result of the interaction between Fujian businessmen and European colonists.