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Compared with Renaissance music bound by religion and social system (Goldsbrough, 2018,p.507), Viennese classical music has the characteristic of advocating rationality.This essay analyzes the early, middle, and late piano sonatas by Haydn and Mozart, and takes the European Enlightenment as the historical background. Then it expounds the rational characteristics of Vien-na classical music from the influences of European social economy and bourgeois new ideas on Vienna classical music in the 18th century.