哲学是关于“存在”的,有关“存在”的追问构成本体论哲学,而本体不是别的,正是主体。因此,哲学史主要是发现并确立主体的历史,这一过程在黑格尔哲学中得以完成。不过,无论主体性原则的确立具有何种解放意义,康德却最早发现,这一原则面临着双重困境:自我关系的困境与现代性的困境。这种困境所具有的二律背反性质,使许多著名思想家走上了限制主体性的“倒退”道路,只有马克思等少数哲学家在坚持主体性原则的基础上力图从主体性原则内部克服现代性危机。在这方面,马克思的方法远优于席勒,并为后来哈贝马斯的交往理性理论奠定了基础。 Philosophy is about “existence ”, questioning about “existence ” constitutes ontology philosophy, while ontology is nothing else, it is the subject. Therefore, the history of philosophy is mainly to discover and establish the history of the subject, and this process is completed in Hegel’s philosophy. However, no matter what the emancipation significance of the principle of subjectivity, Kant first found out that this principle faces a double dilemma: the predicament of self-relation and the predicament of modernity. The paradoxical nature of this predicament has led many famous thinkers to embark on the “backwards” path of restricting subjectivity. Only a handful of philosophers such as Marx sought to overcome modernity within the principle of subjectivity based on the principle of subjectivity crisis. In this respect, Marx’s method is far superior to Schiller, and laid the foundation for Habermas’s theory of communicative rationale.