Background. Since 2000, syphilis has reappeared in the form of an epidemic in France and more particularly, in the Paris region. However, there is little available data concerning other regions of France. The purpose of this study was to identify the chief characteristics of this epidemic in the d’Azur region. Patients and methods. Between January 2001 and July 2003, cases of syphilis were collated by the Department of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases of Nice University Teaching Hospital and by the Department of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases of Fréjus hospital and based on spontaneous reports submitted by general practitioners in private practice. Results. We collected 54 reports of cases of syphilis: 37 in the Alpes-Maritimes region and 17 in the eastern Var region. The epidemic chiefly affected men since 44 of the 54 cases reported (81%) concerned males. 70%of these men were contaminated during homosexual contact (31 patients). In the majority of cases, contamination concerned local subjects. 50%of the patients in the study were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The clinical forms observed were distributed as follows: 12 primary syphilis, 28 secondary syphilis, 13 latent syphilis, 1 case not specified. There was no difference in terms of clinical form between patients with and without HIV. Discussion. Syphilis, which had become rare in France as a whole and in our region in particular, reappeared in the form of an epidemic in the d’Azur region after first resurfacing in the Paris region. This outbreak principally affected homosexual and bisexual male patients, half of whom were HIV-positive. Screening for syphilis, potentially latent, should thus be carried out routinely during initial assessment and at subsequent monitoring of HIV patients. Background. Since 2000, syphilis has reappeared in the form of an epidemic in France and more particularly, in the Paris region. However, there is little available data about other regions of France. The purpose of this study was to identify the chief characteristics of this epidemic in the d’Azur region. Between January 2001 and July 2003, cases of syphilis were collated by the Department of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases of Nice University Teaching Hospital and by the Department of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases of Fréjus hospital and based on spontaneous reports submitted by general practitioners in private practice. Results. We collected 54 reports of cases of syphilis: 37 in the Alpes-Maritimes region and 17 in the eastern Var region. The epidemic chiefly affected men since 44 of the 54 cases 70% of these men were contaminated during homosexual contact (31 patients). In the majority of cases, it was contaminated during homosexual contact (31 patients). ned local subjects. 50% of the patients were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The clinical forms observed were distributed as follows: 12 primary syphilis, 28 secondary syphilis, 13 latent syphilis, 1 case not specified. There was no difference in terms of clinical form between patients with and without HIV. Discussion. Syphilis, which had become rare in France as a whole and in our region in particular, reappeared in the form of an epidemic in the d’Azur region after first resurfacing in the Paris region. This outbreak principally affected homosexual and bisexual male patients, half of whom were HIV-positive. Screening for syphilis, potentially latent, should therefore be carried out routinely during initial assessment and at subsequent monitoring of HIV patients.