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英汉两种语言都有被动语态。英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛，尤其是在科技英语中，被动语态几乎随处可见，凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道动作的执行者的情况下均可使用被动语态。汉语中也有被动语态，相比之下，汉语被动语态使用的范围要小得多。在表达方式上，英汉两种语言有相同的地方，也有不同的地方。
一、英语和汉语表达被动意义时所使用的句式不同
一般说来，被动句指的是具有被动形式标记的句子。虽然英语被动语态使用范围广泛，但其被动标记却很单一，主要是通过“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”及其变化形式表示的。汉语被动句式使用较少，但其被动标记要繁杂得多，其表达被动意义的语言手段主要是通过使用表示被动的助词“被”或与“被”意义相同的“受”、“遭”、“让”、“给”、“挨”、“由”、“叫”、“得到”、“受到”等构成。例如：
1. 他被选为大会的主席。
He was elected chairman of the meeting.
2. 我时常被请去作演讲。
I am constantly asked to give speeches.
3. 这个观点受到一些工人的质疑。
This view has been challenged by a number of workers.
4. 他得到了老师的表扬。
He was praised by the teacher.
5. 几乎可以肯定他已遭到谋杀。
It’s almost certain that he has been murdered.
6. 那些工人们被迫每天工作12个小时。
The workers were made to work twelve hours a day.
7. 那个男孩昨天挨了老师的批评。
The boy was criticized by the teacher yesterday.
8. 他们由工厂的托儿所照看。
They are taken care of by the factory’s nursery.
9. 那个杯子让我妹妹打破了。
The cup was broken by my sister.
10. 她的态度让我感到震惊。
I was shocked by her attitude.
汉语中还一些被动句是用“加以”，“予以”等之后加谓语动词来表达被动意义，此类句子用英语表达时一般要用被动句。例如：
11. 这个问题必须以适当的方式予以处理。
This problem must be dealt with by appropriate means.
12. 其它问题将简单地加以讨论。
Other questions will be discussed briefly.
二、英语和汉语在主语的应用上是很不同的
英语是一种主语突出型的语言，按照英语语法规则要求，每一个句子都要有主语，没有主语是例外。在汉语中，凡主语显然可知时以不用为常。所谓“显然可知”的主语，多指主语是“我”，“我们”或“你”，“你们”。在语言环境能暗示或说话人双方都能意会或不需要出现施动者的时候，就不必说出主语。汉语中这种无主句在英语中通常都要用被动句。例如：
1. 课堂上一定要用英语回答问题。
In class questions must be answered in English.
2. 首先要保证质量。
Quality must be guaranteed first.
3. 我们的城市又修建了一所医院。
Another hospital has been built in our city.
4. 已经采取措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。
Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.
5. 已经开发了一座新油田。
A new oilfield has been opened up.
6. 那个部门在几年前撤销了。
That department was done away with several years ago.
7. 昨天抓到了一个小偷。
A thief was caught yesterday.
8. 在过去几年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。
In the past few years a lot of work has been done in the restoration of our national economy.
三、汉语中凡着重说明一件事是由谁做的，或在什么时候、什么地点做的时，常用“是……的”结构
这种结构的句子带有一种解释的语气，也属于被动，相应的英语句子常用被动语态。例如：
1. 这本书是狄更斯写的。
This book was written by Charles Dickens.
2. 历史是人民创造的。
History is made by the people.
3. 这首歌是我的一个朋友谱写的。 The song was composed by a friend of mine.
4. 印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
5. 美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。
The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
6. 联合国宪章是1945年签署的。
The United Nations Charter was signed in 1945.
四、 汉语中一些形式上是主动，意义上是被动的句子在英语中要使用被动句来表达
汉语中有些句子的主语不是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，结构上句子是主动的，但含义却是被动的。这种被动句的特点是：1）不带表示被动的词语； 2）不带施动者； 3）受动者多为物，间或也可以是人。这类句子在英语中一般要用被动语态来表达。例如：
1. 这本书已经译成了多种语言。
This book has already been translated into many languages.
2. 会议延期到下周星期一举行。
The meeting has been postponed till next Monday.
3. 这件事可以马上做。
It can be done right away.
4. 这个问题明天上午讨论。
The question will be discussed tomorrow morning.
5. 所有努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。
All those who work hard should be encouraged.
6. 她的房间总是保持得干干净净。
Her room is always kept clean.
7. 这座桥将在今年年底建成。
The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.
8. 英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和其他一些国家讲英语。
English is spoken in England， the USA， Canada， Australia， New Zealand and some other countries.
9. 他们学校也教英语。
English is also taught in their school.
10. 全世界都踢足球。
Football is played all over the world.
五、 汉语中带有泛指的主语的句子英语中要使用被动句来表达
汉语中有些句子，通常以泛指的“有人”，“人们”，“大家”作主语，有些带有“据说”，“据报道”，“必须承认”，“由此可见”等，这类句子在英语中通常用it作形式主语的被动句来表达。例如：
1. 据说他有一大笔财产。
It is said that he has a large fortune.
2. 有人在会议上建议采取有效的措施来解决这个问题。
It was suggested at the meeting that effective measures be taken to solve the problem.
3. 大家都知道水是一种非常重要的自然资源。
It is well known that water is a very important natural resource.
4. 有人主张要采取严厉的措施来制止污染。
It is asserted that strict measures should be taken to prevent pollution.
5. 人们普遍认为，孩子的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他的性格及其未来的人品。
It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine
his character and later personality.
下面是这类常见的被动句型英汉表达方式：
It is hoped / expected that ... 人们希望……
It is reported that ... 据报道……
It is said that ... 据说……
It is supposed that ... 据推测……
It must be admitted that ... 必须承认……
It must be pointed out that ... 必须指出……
It will be seen from this that ... 由此可见……
It is asserted that ... 有人主张 ……
It is believed that ... 有人认为……
It is generally considered that ... 大家认为……
It is well known that ... 大家知道/众所周知 ……
It is suggested that ... 有人建议
It is estimated/ predicted that... 据估计/预计……
It is stressed that... 有人强调说……
It can not be denied that... 无可否认……
It is universally accepted that... 人们普遍认为……
It is unanimously agreed that ... 大家一致同意……
It has been proved that... 已经证明……
六、 英语和汉语中都有用主动语态表达被动含义的情况
英语中有些动词以主动语态表示被动含义，汉语中也有类似情况。例如：
1. 我的新钢笔很好使。
My new pen writes well.
2. 伞在雨季最好卖。
Umbrellas sell best in the rainy season.
3. 这篇散文读起来很流畅。
The essay reads smoothly.
4. 这门锁不上。
The door won’t lock.
一、英语和汉语表达被动意义时所使用的句式不同
一般说来，被动句指的是具有被动形式标记的句子。虽然英语被动语态使用范围广泛，但其被动标记却很单一，主要是通过“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”及其变化形式表示的。汉语被动句式使用较少，但其被动标记要繁杂得多，其表达被动意义的语言手段主要是通过使用表示被动的助词“被”或与“被”意义相同的“受”、“遭”、“让”、“给”、“挨”、“由”、“叫”、“得到”、“受到”等构成。例如：
1. 他被选为大会的主席。
He was elected chairman of the meeting.
2. 我时常被请去作演讲。
I am constantly asked to give speeches.
3. 这个观点受到一些工人的质疑。
This view has been challenged by a number of workers.
4. 他得到了老师的表扬。
He was praised by the teacher.
5. 几乎可以肯定他已遭到谋杀。
It’s almost certain that he has been murdered.
6. 那些工人们被迫每天工作12个小时。
The workers were made to work twelve hours a day.
7. 那个男孩昨天挨了老师的批评。
The boy was criticized by the teacher yesterday.
8. 他们由工厂的托儿所照看。
They are taken care of by the factory’s nursery.
9. 那个杯子让我妹妹打破了。
The cup was broken by my sister.
10. 她的态度让我感到震惊。
I was shocked by her attitude.
汉语中还一些被动句是用“加以”，“予以”等之后加谓语动词来表达被动意义，此类句子用英语表达时一般要用被动句。例如：
11. 这个问题必须以适当的方式予以处理。
This problem must be dealt with by appropriate means.
12. 其它问题将简单地加以讨论。
Other questions will be discussed briefly.
二、英语和汉语在主语的应用上是很不同的
英语是一种主语突出型的语言，按照英语语法规则要求，每一个句子都要有主语，没有主语是例外。在汉语中，凡主语显然可知时以不用为常。所谓“显然可知”的主语，多指主语是“我”，“我们”或“你”，“你们”。在语言环境能暗示或说话人双方都能意会或不需要出现施动者的时候，就不必说出主语。汉语中这种无主句在英语中通常都要用被动句。例如：
1. 课堂上一定要用英语回答问题。
In class questions must be answered in English.
2. 首先要保证质量。
Quality must be guaranteed first.
3. 我们的城市又修建了一所医院。
Another hospital has been built in our city.
4. 已经采取措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。
Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.
5. 已经开发了一座新油田。
A new oilfield has been opened up.
6. 那个部门在几年前撤销了。
That department was done away with several years ago.
7. 昨天抓到了一个小偷。
A thief was caught yesterday.
8. 在过去几年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。
In the past few years a lot of work has been done in the restoration of our national economy.
三、汉语中凡着重说明一件事是由谁做的，或在什么时候、什么地点做的时，常用“是……的”结构
这种结构的句子带有一种解释的语气，也属于被动，相应的英语句子常用被动语态。例如：
1. 这本书是狄更斯写的。
This book was written by Charles Dickens.
2. 历史是人民创造的。
History is made by the people.
3. 这首歌是我的一个朋友谱写的。 The song was composed by a friend of mine.
4. 印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
5. 美国的学分制是1872年在哈佛大学首先实施的。
The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
6. 联合国宪章是1945年签署的。
The United Nations Charter was signed in 1945.
四、 汉语中一些形式上是主动，意义上是被动的句子在英语中要使用被动句来表达
汉语中有些句子的主语不是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，结构上句子是主动的，但含义却是被动的。这种被动句的特点是：1）不带表示被动的词语； 2）不带施动者； 3）受动者多为物，间或也可以是人。这类句子在英语中一般要用被动语态来表达。例如：
1. 这本书已经译成了多种语言。
This book has already been translated into many languages.
2. 会议延期到下周星期一举行。
The meeting has been postponed till next Monday.
3. 这件事可以马上做。
It can be done right away.
4. 这个问题明天上午讨论。
The question will be discussed tomorrow morning.
5. 所有努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。
All those who work hard should be encouraged.
6. 她的房间总是保持得干干净净。
Her room is always kept clean.
7. 这座桥将在今年年底建成。
The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year.
8. 英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和其他一些国家讲英语。
English is spoken in England， the USA， Canada， Australia， New Zealand and some other countries.
9. 他们学校也教英语。
English is also taught in their school.
10. 全世界都踢足球。
Football is played all over the world.
五、 汉语中带有泛指的主语的句子英语中要使用被动句来表达
汉语中有些句子，通常以泛指的“有人”，“人们”，“大家”作主语，有些带有“据说”，“据报道”，“必须承认”，“由此可见”等，这类句子在英语中通常用it作形式主语的被动句来表达。例如：
1. 据说他有一大笔财产。
It is said that he has a large fortune.
2. 有人在会议上建议采取有效的措施来解决这个问题。
It was suggested at the meeting that effective measures be taken to solve the problem.
3. 大家都知道水是一种非常重要的自然资源。
It is well known that water is a very important natural resource.
4. 有人主张要采取严厉的措施来制止污染。
It is asserted that strict measures should be taken to prevent pollution.
5. 人们普遍认为，孩子的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他的性格及其未来的人品。
It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine
his character and later personality.
下面是这类常见的被动句型英汉表达方式：
It is hoped / expected that ... 人们希望……
It is reported that ... 据报道……
It is said that ... 据说……
It is supposed that ... 据推测……
It must be admitted that ... 必须承认……
It must be pointed out that ... 必须指出……
It will be seen from this that ... 由此可见……
It is asserted that ... 有人主张 ……
It is believed that ... 有人认为……
It is generally considered that ... 大家认为……
It is well known that ... 大家知道/众所周知 ……
It is suggested that ... 有人建议
It is estimated/ predicted that... 据估计/预计……
It is stressed that... 有人强调说……
It can not be denied that... 无可否认……
It is universally accepted that... 人们普遍认为……
It is unanimously agreed that ... 大家一致同意……
It has been proved that... 已经证明……
六、 英语和汉语中都有用主动语态表达被动含义的情况
英语中有些动词以主动语态表示被动含义，汉语中也有类似情况。例如：
1. 我的新钢笔很好使。
My new pen writes well.
2. 伞在雨季最好卖。
Umbrellas sell best in the rainy season.
3. 这篇散文读起来很流畅。
The essay reads smoothly.
4. 这门锁不上。
The door won’t lock.