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一、定语从句与同位语从句
that这个词既能引导同位语从句,又能引导定语从句。这两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似,如何区分呢?
同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, news, promise, truth, belief, thought, idea, answer, information, doubt, knowledge, hope, law, opinion, plan, suggestion后面, 用以说明或解释前面的名词。定语从句与同位语从句的不同之处:
从句的作用不同:同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容;定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词。
引导从句的关联词that的功能不同:that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分,不可省略;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分,在作宾语时常可省略。
that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,故不能用which替换;而that引导定语从句时是代词,常可以和另一关系代词which替换。例如:
This is the news that Liming told me. (定语从句)
这是李明告诉我的消息。
We have heard the news that our team had won. (同位语从句)
我们已听到那则消息,我们队已获胜。
分析:前句中,“that Liming told me”是对先行词进行限定修饰,是李明告诉我的那条消息,而非张三或其他人。在此句中,连接词that作told的宾语,指代the news,可以省略,还可用which来替代,前句为定语从句。后句中,“that our team had won”我们队已获胜说的是消息的内容,是对消息进行解释说明,而非修饰限定,在此句中,that不做任何成分,但不能省略,不可用which来替代,故后句为同位语从句。
A. We expressed the hope (that/which) they had expressed.( 定语从句)
我们表达了他们已经表达的愿望。
B. We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again. (同位语从句)
我们表达了那个愿望,他们会再来访问中国。
分析:A句中that引导的从句是对愿望的修饰限定,是他们已经表达的那个愿望,而非其它愿望,that作expressed的宾语,指代the hope且可以省略,也可由which来替代。因此A句为定语从句。B句中,that引导的从句说的是愿望的内容,即他们会再来访问中国,that在从句中不做任何成分,也不可用which来取代,也不能省略,故B句是同位语从句。
[趁热打铁]
1. The news ____ another power station will be built cheered all the villagers.
A. which B. that
C. what D. whatever
2. The news ____ he told us is exciting.
Which of the following is wrong?
A. what B. \ C. which D. that
解析:1题中,主句为“The news cheered all the villagers”,从句中“another power station will be built”不缺任何成分,并且说的是消息的内容,故为同位语从句,填入连接词that,不可用which替换,答案为B项。2题中,主句为“The news is exciting”,从句“he told us”缺少宾语,并且是对消息进行限定修饰,因此为定语从句,可填入连接词that,which或省略,答案为A项。
二、定语从句与强调句
强调句的结构为“It is/ was…that/ who…”。这个句型用来强调除谓语以外的各种句子成分,被强调部分必须放在it is/was 后面,如果强调的部分是人,可以用who或whom来代替that。判断句子是否为强调句,就是把“It is (was)...that ”去掉,如果该句意思完整,不缺任何句子成分,则为强调句。例如:
It is the house where I met the young man.
这是我与那位年轻人见面的房子。
It was in the house that I met the young man.
就是在这所房子里我与这位年轻人见了面。
分析:可看出后句比前句house前多了一个介词in,前句是定语从句,先行词为house,where在定语从句中作地点状语。如果前句为强调句则不符合强调句的结构:“It is/ was…that/ who…”。后句中把“It is (was)...that”去掉就成为:“I met the young man in the house. ”该句意思完整,不缺任何句子成分,故为强调句。该句是对地点状语进行强调。再来看一组句子:
It was 7 o’clock when he came back.
他回来时7点钟了。
It was at 7 o’clock that he came back.
他是7点钟回来的。
分析:前句为定语从句,先行词为7o’clock,
when在从句中作时间状语,该句也不符合强调句的结构:“It is/was…that/who…”。后句把“It was...that ”去掉,句子为“He came back at 7 o’clock”, 句子成分完整,因此该句为强调句。
通过以上两组例句分析可知:在强调句中,强调时间或地点且有介词置于其前时,则连接词用that。
但是应注意,有些表示时间或地点的词及短语本身不需要在其前面加介词,故其连词也只能是that,而不是when或where。再如:
It was yesterday that we chatted a lot on line.
就是在昨天我们在网上聊了很多。
It was there that Mike was drowned yesterday.
就是在那里迈克昨天溺水了。
分析:因yesterday前不能加介词,把“It is (was)...that ”去掉,句子为“yesterday we chatted a lot on line”,句子成分完整,如果把此句理解为定语从句就成了当我们在网上聊天时是昨天,句意不清,因此该句为强调句。后句把“It was...that ”去掉,句子为“Mike was drowned there yesterday”句意完整,后句也为强调句。
[趁热打铁]
1. It was last year ____ you taught me how to drive.
A. when B. that
C. where D. which
2. It was in the factory____ produced TV sets ____ our friend was murdered.
A. which,which B. that,which
C. that,that D. where,that
解析:1题中last year前不能加介词因此只能填入连词that,答案为B项。2题第一个空后为定语从句,从句中缺主语,填入that,第二个空是强调结构中缺少that,该题句意为:就是在那个制造电视的工厂,我们的朋友被谋杀了。答案为C项。
三、定语从句与状语从句
试比较:
He left the key where he had been an hour before.
他把钥匙丢在他一小时前呆的地方了。
He left the place where he lived for many years.
他离开了他生活了很多年的地方。
分析:前句where前为名词key即钥匙,该词并非表示地点的词,主句为“He left the key”他丢了钥匙。从句为“where he had been an hour before”,where引导地点状语从句,相当于in the place where。后句中where前为表地点的名词place。where引导的从句是对place进行修饰,即他生活了很多年的地方,因此从句“where he lived for many years”是定语从句。从以上分析可以看出,判断where引导的是定语从句还是地点状语从句,关键是看where前的名词是否为表地点的名词,如果是则为定语从句。
再来看下面一组例句:
He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.
他是一个人人都喜欢的聪明男孩。
He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.
他是一个如此聪明的男孩,以至于人人都喜欢他。
分析:来看as引导的从句,everyone是主语,likes是谓语,其后缺少宾语,as用作关系代词,在从句中替代boy作likes的宾语,as 引导的是定语从句。后句中that引导的从句不缺少任何成分,因此that为连词引导的是结果状语从句,意为“如此……以至于……”。如此来看“such…as…”引导定语从句,as在从句中作主语或宾语;“such…that…”引导结果状语从句,从句中不缺成分。
[趁热打铁]
判断下面两组句子是定语从句还是状语从句。
1. You’d better make a mark at the spot where you have any questions.
2. You’d better mark where you have any questions.
分析:两句都意为:你最好在有问题的地方做个标记。分析可知1句中where前为表地点的spot,因此该句为定语从句;2句为where引导的状语从句,主句是“You’d better mark a mark”,从句是“where you have any questions”。
3. Here is such a big stone that no man can lift ____.
A. / B. the one C. it D. one
4. Here is such a big stone as no man can lift ____.
A. / B. the one C. it D. one
解析:3题中,that是连词与such连用,that引导的从句必须是一个完整的句子结构,因而lift不能没有宾语(it),答案为C项,用it来指代big stone。句意:这里有一块大石头,没有人能把它抬起来。4题中as用作关系代词,在从句中替代stone作lift的宾语因而不能有it,答案是A项。句意:这里有一块如此大的石头,以至于没有人能把它抬起来。
that这个词既能引导同位语从句,又能引导定语从句。这两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似,如何区分呢?
同位语从句一般跟在名词fact, news, promise, truth, belief, thought, idea, answer, information, doubt, knowledge, hope, law, opinion, plan, suggestion后面, 用以说明或解释前面的名词。定语从句与同位语从句的不同之处:
从句的作用不同:同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容;定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词。
引导从句的关联词that的功能不同:that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分,不可省略;而引导定语从句的that是关系代词,既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分,在作宾语时常可省略。
that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,故不能用which替换;而that引导定语从句时是代词,常可以和另一关系代词which替换。例如:
This is the news that Liming told me. (定语从句)
这是李明告诉我的消息。
We have heard the news that our team had won. (同位语从句)
我们已听到那则消息,我们队已获胜。
分析:前句中,“that Liming told me”是对先行词进行限定修饰,是李明告诉我的那条消息,而非张三或其他人。在此句中,连接词that作told的宾语,指代the news,可以省略,还可用which来替代,前句为定语从句。后句中,“that our team had won”我们队已获胜说的是消息的内容,是对消息进行解释说明,而非修饰限定,在此句中,that不做任何成分,但不能省略,不可用which来替代,故后句为同位语从句。
A. We expressed the hope (that/which) they had expressed.( 定语从句)
我们表达了他们已经表达的愿望。
B. We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again. (同位语从句)
我们表达了那个愿望,他们会再来访问中国。
分析:A句中that引导的从句是对愿望的修饰限定,是他们已经表达的那个愿望,而非其它愿望,that作expressed的宾语,指代the hope且可以省略,也可由which来替代。因此A句为定语从句。B句中,that引导的从句说的是愿望的内容,即他们会再来访问中国,that在从句中不做任何成分,也不可用which来取代,也不能省略,故B句是同位语从句。
[趁热打铁]
1. The news ____ another power station will be built cheered all the villagers.
A. which B. that
C. what D. whatever
2. The news ____ he told us is exciting.
Which of the following is wrong?
A. what B. \ C. which D. that
解析:1题中,主句为“The news cheered all the villagers”,从句中“another power station will be built”不缺任何成分,并且说的是消息的内容,故为同位语从句,填入连接词that,不可用which替换,答案为B项。2题中,主句为“The news is exciting”,从句“he told us”缺少宾语,并且是对消息进行限定修饰,因此为定语从句,可填入连接词that,which或省略,答案为A项。
二、定语从句与强调句
强调句的结构为“It is/ was…that/ who…”。这个句型用来强调除谓语以外的各种句子成分,被强调部分必须放在it is/was 后面,如果强调的部分是人,可以用who或whom来代替that。判断句子是否为强调句,就是把“It is (was)...that ”去掉,如果该句意思完整,不缺任何句子成分,则为强调句。例如:
It is the house where I met the young man.
这是我与那位年轻人见面的房子。
It was in the house that I met the young man.
就是在这所房子里我与这位年轻人见了面。
分析:可看出后句比前句house前多了一个介词in,前句是定语从句,先行词为house,where在定语从句中作地点状语。如果前句为强调句则不符合强调句的结构:“It is/ was…that/ who…”。后句中把“It is (was)...that”去掉就成为:“I met the young man in the house. ”该句意思完整,不缺任何句子成分,故为强调句。该句是对地点状语进行强调。再来看一组句子:
It was 7 o’clock when he came back.
他回来时7点钟了。
It was at 7 o’clock that he came back.
他是7点钟回来的。
分析:前句为定语从句,先行词为7o’clock,
when在从句中作时间状语,该句也不符合强调句的结构:“It is/was…that/who…”。后句把“It was...that ”去掉,句子为“He came back at 7 o’clock”, 句子成分完整,因此该句为强调句。
通过以上两组例句分析可知:在强调句中,强调时间或地点且有介词置于其前时,则连接词用that。
但是应注意,有些表示时间或地点的词及短语本身不需要在其前面加介词,故其连词也只能是that,而不是when或where。再如:
It was yesterday that we chatted a lot on line.
就是在昨天我们在网上聊了很多。
It was there that Mike was drowned yesterday.
就是在那里迈克昨天溺水了。
分析:因yesterday前不能加介词,把“It is (was)...that ”去掉,句子为“yesterday we chatted a lot on line”,句子成分完整,如果把此句理解为定语从句就成了当我们在网上聊天时是昨天,句意不清,因此该句为强调句。后句把“It was...that ”去掉,句子为“Mike was drowned there yesterday”句意完整,后句也为强调句。
[趁热打铁]
1. It was last year ____ you taught me how to drive.
A. when B. that
C. where D. which
2. It was in the factory____ produced TV sets ____ our friend was murdered.
A. which,which B. that,which
C. that,that D. where,that
解析:1题中last year前不能加介词因此只能填入连词that,答案为B项。2题第一个空后为定语从句,从句中缺主语,填入that,第二个空是强调结构中缺少that,该题句意为:就是在那个制造电视的工厂,我们的朋友被谋杀了。答案为C项。
三、定语从句与状语从句
试比较:
He left the key where he had been an hour before.
他把钥匙丢在他一小时前呆的地方了。
He left the place where he lived for many years.
他离开了他生活了很多年的地方。
分析:前句where前为名词key即钥匙,该词并非表示地点的词,主句为“He left the key”他丢了钥匙。从句为“where he had been an hour before”,where引导地点状语从句,相当于in the place where。后句中where前为表地点的名词place。where引导的从句是对place进行修饰,即他生活了很多年的地方,因此从句“where he lived for many years”是定语从句。从以上分析可以看出,判断where引导的是定语从句还是地点状语从句,关键是看where前的名词是否为表地点的名词,如果是则为定语从句。
再来看下面一组例句:
He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.
他是一个人人都喜欢的聪明男孩。
He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.
他是一个如此聪明的男孩,以至于人人都喜欢他。
分析:来看as引导的从句,everyone是主语,likes是谓语,其后缺少宾语,as用作关系代词,在从句中替代boy作likes的宾语,as 引导的是定语从句。后句中that引导的从句不缺少任何成分,因此that为连词引导的是结果状语从句,意为“如此……以至于……”。如此来看“such…as…”引导定语从句,as在从句中作主语或宾语;“such…that…”引导结果状语从句,从句中不缺成分。
[趁热打铁]
判断下面两组句子是定语从句还是状语从句。
1. You’d better make a mark at the spot where you have any questions.
2. You’d better mark where you have any questions.
分析:两句都意为:你最好在有问题的地方做个标记。分析可知1句中where前为表地点的spot,因此该句为定语从句;2句为where引导的状语从句,主句是“You’d better mark a mark”,从句是“where you have any questions”。
3. Here is such a big stone that no man can lift ____.
A. / B. the one C. it D. one
4. Here is such a big stone as no man can lift ____.
A. / B. the one C. it D. one
解析:3题中,that是连词与such连用,that引导的从句必须是一个完整的句子结构,因而lift不能没有宾语(it),答案为C项,用it来指代big stone。句意:这里有一块大石头,没有人能把它抬起来。4题中as用作关系代词,在从句中替代stone作lift的宾语因而不能有it,答案是A项。句意:这里有一块如此大的石头,以至于没有人能把它抬起来。