论文部分内容阅读
[摘要] 目的 研究C臂透視引导下注射型针刀经椎间孔外口松解治疗治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。 方法 2015年1月~2017年6月治疗腰椎间盘突出症的患者90例(均为L4/5、L5/S1单节段的椎间盘突出症患者),随机分为三组:注射型针刀组(30例)、单纯阻滞组(30例)和单纯针刀组(30例)。根据《日本骨科学会(JOA)腰痛疾患疗效评定标准》进行评分,对所有患者在治疗前、治疗后1周、1个月、6个月进行评分。 结果 治疗前三组患者的JOA评分无统计学差异(F=0.20,P=0.819)。与单纯阻滞组相比,注射型针刀组JOA评分在治疗后1周、治疗后1个月及治疗后6个月均有升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与单纯针刀组相比,注射型针刀组JOA评分在治疗后1周、治疗后1个月及治疗后6个月均有升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗后1周单纯阻滞组JOA评分高于单纯针刀组(P<0.01)。治疗后1个月,单纯针刀组JOA评分高于单纯阻滞组(P=0.013)。治疗后6个月,单纯针刀组JOA评分高于单纯阻滞组(P<0.01)。三组患者治疗后并发症发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。 结论 采用C臂引导下注射型针刀经腰椎间孔神经阻滞及周围软组织松解治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症比单纯阻滞治疗和单纯针刀治疗具有更好的近期及远期疗效。
[关键词] C臂透视;联合治疗;针刀;经椎间孔注射;腰椎间盘突出症
[中图分类号] R681.53 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)27-0058-05
[Abstract] Objective To study the clinical effect of C-arm fluoroscopy-guided injection needle knife in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation through the treatment of external transforaminal lysis. Methods 90 patients who received treatment of lumbar disc herniation from January 2015 to June 2017 (all patients with disc herniation in L4/5, L5/S1 single segment) were randomly divided into three groups: injection needle knife group (30 cases), simple block group (30 cases) and simple needle knife group (30 cases). According to the "Japan Orthopaedic Association (JOA) criteria for the evaluation of low back pain", all patients were scored before treatment, 1 week, 1 month, 1 month, and 6 months after treatment. Results The results showed no statistically significant difference in JOA scores between the three groups before treatment(F=0.20, P=0.819). Compared with the simple block group, the JOA scores in the injection needle knife group were increased at 1 week after treatment(P<0.01), 1 month after treatment (P<0.01), and 6 months after treatment(P<0.01), and the difference was statistically significant. Compared with the simple needle knife group, the JOA scores in the injection type needle-knife group were increased at 1 week after treatment(P<0.01), 1 month after treatment(P<0.01), and 6 months after treatment(P<0.01), and the difference was statistically significant. The JOA score in the simple block group was higher than that in the simple needle knife group at 1 week after treatment(P<0.01). The JOA score in the simple needle knife group was higher than that in the simple block group at 1 month after treatment(P=0.013). The JOA score in the simple needle knife group was higher than that in the simple block group at 6 months after treatment(P<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of postoperative complications between the three groups. Conclusion The use of C-arm guided injection needle knife through lumbar intervertebral foramen nerve block and surrounding soft tissue lysis in the treatment of single-segment lumbar disc herniation has better short-term and long-term effects than simple block treatment and simple needle knife treatment. 1.5.2 单纯注射对照组操作方法 ①患者俯卧位,腹下垫小枕,让腰椎曲度变浅、腰骶角变小,使腰椎横突间距变大,有利于穿刺。C臂透视下根据体表放置的克氏针定位L4、L5棘突的体表位置。②L4/5椎间孔注射:以L4棘突划一横轴的平行线,在此平行线上的患侧旁开脊柱纵轴约8 cm即为穿刺点;常规消毒铺无菌巾,取9号长针头在局麻下与腰骶部平面呈45°夹角沿横轴划线方向进行穿刺,针尖刺到骨质后C臂透视证实此时针尖正刺在L4/5關节突关节的外侧,再将针尖后退1~2 cm且偏向外侧略偏移,针尖便滑过关节突关节,此时一般有落空感,即说明针尖已进入到L4/5椎间孔,回抽无血液或脑脊液后缓慢注入消炎镇痛液5~6 mL。L5/S1椎间孔注射:同上体位,以L5棘突划一横轴的平行线,在患侧与此横轴线向上呈15°角划一直线,在此划线上旁开L5棘突8 cm即为穿刺点,进针方向即沿此划线直对L5棘突,进针的角度、穿刺技巧及注射的消炎镇痛液剂量均同L4/5椎间孔注射疗法。③出针后立即用无菌棉球压迫止血1 min,针眼处创口贴覆盖。注射治疗完成后改仰卧位,卧床休息半小时以上,无特殊不适才能让患者离院。每周一次,3次为一个疗程。消炎镇痛液配制:同前。
1.5.3单纯针刀对照组操作方法 ①患者俯卧位,腹下垫小枕,让腰椎曲度变浅、腰骶角变小,使腰椎横突间距变大,有利于针刀到达椎间孔外口。C臂透视下根据体表放置的克氏针定位L4、L5棘突的体表位置。②L4/5椎间孔针刀松解:以L4棘突划一横轴的平行线,在此平行线上的患侧旁开脊柱纵轴约8 cm即为针刀入口;常规消毒铺无菌巾,取汉章3号针刀在局麻下与腰骶部平面呈45°夹角沿横轴划线方向进入体内,针刀刺到骨质后C臂透视证实此时针刀的刀刃正顶在L4/5关节突关节的外侧,再将针刀后退1~2 cm且向外侧略偏移,针刀的刀刃便滑过关节突关节,此时一般有落空感,即说明针刀已进入到L4/5椎间孔的外口;在C臂透视监视下,针刀紧贴着腰椎上下关节突关节的骨面在椎间孔外口提插、切割数刀,以松解神经根和椎间孔内的粘连软组织,针刀下有松动感后缓慢推进针刀尖部至靶点神经根的鞘膜上,点触式刺激10 s后拔出针刀。L5/S1椎间孔针刀松解:同上体位,以L5棘突划一横轴的平行线,在患侧与此横轴线向上呈15°角划一直线,在此划线上旁开L5棘突8 cm即为针刀入口,针刀方向即沿此划线直对L5棘突,进针刀的角度、针刀松解椎间孔外口软组织粘连的技巧均同L4/5针刀松解治疗。③拔出针刀后用无菌纱布顺针刀刺入方向按压进针刀口1 min,压迫止血,贴创口贴。针刀松解治疗完成后改仰卧位,卧床休息15 min,无不适患者即可离院。每周1次,3次为1个疗程。
1.6观察指标
通过观察注射型针刀组、单纯注射对照组和单纯针刀对照组(均在C臂透视引导下进行操作),并在治疗前和治疗后1周、3个月、6个月采用日本骨科学会(JOA)腰痛疾患疗效评定标准分别对患者进行评分。记录治疗后并发症发生情况。
1.7 统计学方法
采用SPSS 21.0统计学软件进行处理,计数资料采用χ2检验;计量资料采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组患者治疗前后的JOA评分
采用日本骨科学会(JOA)腰痛疾患疗效评定标准评分,表明治疗前三组患者的评分无统计学差异(F=0.20,P=0.819)。治疗后1周,三组评分均较治疗前增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中注射型针刀组评分高于单纯阻滞组与单纯针刀组(P1<0.01,P2<0.01),单纯阻滞组高于单纯针刀组(P<0.01)。治疗后1个月,注射型针刀组评分高于单纯阻滞组与单纯针刀组(P1<0.01,P2<0.01),单纯针刀组高于单纯阻滞组(P=0.013)。治疗后6个月,注射型针刀组评分高于单纯阻滞组与单纯针刀组(P1<0.01,P2<0.01),单纯针刀组高于单纯阻滞组(P<0.01)。因此,采用C臂透视引导下注射型针刀经腰椎间孔注射及松解治疗比单纯阻滞治疗或单纯针刀松解治疗腰椎间盘突出症能取得更为优良的临床疗效。各组治疗前后的数据见表2、图1。
2.2 三组患者治疗的并发症出现情况
治疗当天注射型针刀组疼痛加重共5例,单纯阻滞组3例,单纯针刀组9例,三组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.236)。所有当时症状加重的患者,加重的临床症状均在3 d内消失,同时原有的临床症状逐渐缓解。注射型针刀组出现局部血肿共2例,单纯阻滞组无患者发生局部血肿,单纯针刀组3例,三组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.227)。所有出现的局部血肿均在1个月内完全消退。三组患者均未出现治疗后局部感染的病例。见表3。
3 讨论
神经阻滞疗法是国内外公认的治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效最为肯定的非手术疗法之一[9]。最初是采用硬膜外给药,可以使症状明显减轻或消失,但若操作不慎会引起一些并发症,如硬膜外血肿,类固醇误注入蛛网膜下腔可引起蛛网膜炎,甚至引起永久性的麻痹等,一般穿破硬脊膜的发生率为0.2%~0.6%,全脊麻的发生率为0.2%。逐渐采用的穿刺路径多为小关节内侧缘或椎板外切迹法,但此两种治疗方法均必须将穿刺针刺破黄韧带到达硬膜外腔,潜在有引发硬膜外侧间隙积血、粘连、感染及刺破硬膜导致全脊麻的风险[12,13]。为妥善解决此问题,目前国外已有学者[14]采用经腰椎间孔入路规避这种风险,此疗法仅在病变节段的椎间孔外口注射药物,穿刺针也不必刺破黄韧带,且注射的药物大部分集中在病灶周围,大大提高了症状的改善率及治愈率,是临床上非手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的一种新的神经阻滞方法。当然,经腰椎间孔进行神经阻滞时必须在C臂引导下才能实现,在某种程度上会加重患者的经济负担,但也正是因为有透视引导才能做到穿刺靶点的精确定位,才会有较高的治疗安全性,减少并发症的发生率[15]。此外,由于可以保存穿刺过程的影像资料,这既有利于总结临床经验,又可在遇到医疗纠纷时提供一手的临床证据。 小针刀疗法将现代的手术刀与传统的针灸针有机结合,这种新型治疗器具操作简单、疗效肯定、安全系数高、治疗费用低、治疗时患者痛苦少、患者乐于接受此疗法,在临床治疗中常能取得明显的疗效[16]。自朱汉章30年前发明小针刀以来,针刀疗法是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的一种重要而又行之有效的方法[17]。针刀通过松解软组织的粘连、瘢痕和挛缩,恢复软组织的力学动态平衡状态;改善局部微循环,消除肌肉紧张、痉挛;改善代谢促进炎症致痛物质的清除,解痙止痛[18,19]。小针刀在椎间孔外口通过对腰椎关节突关节囊、椎间孔骨纤维管内的软组织进行松解,以减轻其异常增高的压力[7]。通过减轻小关节囊内的压力,间接扩大病变节段的椎间孔,或可使神经根及脊神经后支所承受的挤压和激惹有一定程度的减少[20,21]。但是在盲视下行针刀松解椎间孔外口,仍具有较大的风险性。如果要提高小针刀治疗腰椎间盘突出症的有效性和安全性,必须结合影像学检查、病理解剖及临床表现,进行精准定位、定点,并在C臂透视引导下进行细致操作,才能减少盲视操作对正常软组织不必要的损伤以及不必要的风险。
注射型针刀[22,23]在针刀的刀刃斜口上留有能注射药液所需的针孔,这种设计方便在C臂引导下完成经腰椎间孔穿刺行神经阻滞治疗后,直接用注射型针刀的刀刃进行相应节段椎间孔外口周围软组织的松解治疗,从而使整个治疗过程一气呵成,不必如传统方法那样,先常规经椎间孔穿刺行神经阻滞治疗,完成后需拔出穿刺针,重新透视、定位后再插入针刀进行椎间孔外口软组织的松解治疗。注射型针刀的这种特殊设计简化了原有的操作步骤,术中C臂透视次数显著减少,治疗操作的风险和意外发生率自然会下降。
以往文献虽有CT 引导下针刀神经根松解联合神经根阻滞治疗腰椎间盘突出症的报道[24],但却没有C臂X线动态监视下应用小针刀松解椎间孔外口治疗腰椎间盘突出症的相关文献。相对于在CT引导下进行针刀操作,本研究所采用的注射型针刀在C臂引导下进行腰椎间盘突出症的治疗更为简便,更适于临床实际运用。一般情况下CT设备属放射科所有,临床医生使用时必须有放射科医生在场协助,且由于场地的限制,既不利于术者无菌操作,也不允许术者CT扫描时同步进行针刀操作。在这种临床实际情形下,必定会影响针刀治疗的临床疗效,甚至出现操作失误,伤及人体重要组织。另一方面,患者接受CT扫描时所承受的射线量要明显多于C臂透视,更为关键的是术中透视时术者可以同步进行针刀松解治疗。因此,在C臂引导下比在CT引导下进行针刀治疗,明显简便、耗时更少、操作更为安全,广大患者也更容易接受此项治疗技术。
综上所述,采用C臂引导下注射型针刀经腰椎间孔神经阻滞及周围软组织松解治疗腰椎间盘突出症,是一种具有近期和远期疗效满意且安全性良好的微创治疗方法,值得在基层医院推广。
[参考文献]
[1] Oertel JM,Burkhardt BW. Endoscopic intralaminar approach for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation[J]. World Neurosurgery,2017,103:410-418.
[2] Zong-Hao FU. Forty-six cases of postoperative pain in the waist and leg of lumbar disc herniation treated by warming needle moxibustion and electroacupuncture[J]. World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion,2013,23(23):46-48.
[3] Lenke LG,Moore S,Gaehle KE. Lumbar disc herniation[J].Revista Brasileira De Ortopedia,2015,45(1):17.
[4] Cilingir D,Hintistan S,Yigitbas C,et al. Nonmedical methods to relieve low back pain caused by lumbar disc herniation:A descriptive study in northeastern Turkey[J]. Pain Management Nursing,2014,15(2):449-457.
[5] Estadt GM. Chiropractic/rehabilitative management of post-surgical disc herniation:A retrospective case report[J].Journal of Chiropractic Medicine,2004,3(3):108.
[6] Patel SA,Wilt Z,Gandhi SD,et al. Cost-effectiveness of treatments for lumbar disc herniation[J]. Seminars in Spine Surgery,2016,28(1):53-56.
[7] Sun CL. One hundred and twenty-four cases of lumbar disc herniation treated with acupuncture and massage manipulation[J]. World Journal of Acupuncture Moxibustion,2013,23(2):51-54.
[8] Zeng Z,Yan M,Dai Y,et al. Percutaneous bipolar radiofrequency thermocoagulation for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation[J]. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience,2016,30:39-43. [9] Ngu BB,Dewal HS,Ludwig SC. Conservative therapies for degenerative lumbar problems[J]. Seminars in Spine Surgery,2003,15(4):384-392.
[10] Kim E,Kim SY,Kim HS,et al. Effectiveness and safety of acupotomy for lumbar disc herniation:A study protocol for a randomized,assessor-blinded,controlled pilot trial[J].Integrative Medicine Research,2017,6(3):310.
[11] 国家中医药管理局.中医病证诊断疗效标准[M].南京:南京中医药大学出版社,1994:201-230.
[12] Motiei-Langroudi R,Sadeghian H,Seddighi AS. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging factors which may predict the need for surgery in lumbar disc herniation[J]. Asian Spine Journal,2014,8(4):446.
[13] Stoll A,Sanchez M. Epidural hematoma after epidural block:Implications for its use in pain management[J]. Surgical Neurological,2002,57(4):235-240.
[14] Lutz GE,Vad VB,Wisneski RJ. Fluoroscopic transforaminal lumbar epidural steroids:An out-come study[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil,1998,79(11):1362-1366.
[15] Stitz MY,Sommer HM. Accuracy of blind versus fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural injection[J]. Spine,1999, 24(13):1371-1376.
[16] Kim DH. Evolution of acupuncture for pain management[J].Seminars in Integrative Medicine,2004,2(4):135-147.
[17] Shin JS,Ha IH,Lee J,et al. Effects of motion style acupuncture treatment in acute low back pain patients with severe disability:A multicenter,randomized,controlled,comparative effectiveness trial[J]. Pain,2013,154(7):1030-1037.
[18] Ganiyu SO,Gujba KF. Effects of acupuncture,core-stability exercises,and treadmill walking exercises in treating a patient with postsurgical lumbar disc herniation:A clinical case report[J]. Journal of Acupuncture
[关键词] C臂透视;联合治疗;针刀;经椎间孔注射;腰椎间盘突出症
[中图分类号] R681.53 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)27-0058-05
[Abstract] Objective To study the clinical effect of C-arm fluoroscopy-guided injection needle knife in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation through the treatment of external transforaminal lysis. Methods 90 patients who received treatment of lumbar disc herniation from January 2015 to June 2017 (all patients with disc herniation in L4/5, L5/S1 single segment) were randomly divided into three groups: injection needle knife group (30 cases), simple block group (30 cases) and simple needle knife group (30 cases). According to the "Japan Orthopaedic Association (JOA) criteria for the evaluation of low back pain", all patients were scored before treatment, 1 week, 1 month, 1 month, and 6 months after treatment. Results The results showed no statistically significant difference in JOA scores between the three groups before treatment(F=0.20, P=0.819). Compared with the simple block group, the JOA scores in the injection needle knife group were increased at 1 week after treatment(P<0.01), 1 month after treatment (P<0.01), and 6 months after treatment(P<0.01), and the difference was statistically significant. Compared with the simple needle knife group, the JOA scores in the injection type needle-knife group were increased at 1 week after treatment(P<0.01), 1 month after treatment(P<0.01), and 6 months after treatment(P<0.01), and the difference was statistically significant. The JOA score in the simple block group was higher than that in the simple needle knife group at 1 week after treatment(P<0.01). The JOA score in the simple needle knife group was higher than that in the simple block group at 1 month after treatment(P=0.013). The JOA score in the simple needle knife group was higher than that in the simple block group at 6 months after treatment(P<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence rate of postoperative complications between the three groups. Conclusion The use of C-arm guided injection needle knife through lumbar intervertebral foramen nerve block and surrounding soft tissue lysis in the treatment of single-segment lumbar disc herniation has better short-term and long-term effects than simple block treatment and simple needle knife treatment. 1.5.2 单纯注射对照组操作方法 ①患者俯卧位,腹下垫小枕,让腰椎曲度变浅、腰骶角变小,使腰椎横突间距变大,有利于穿刺。C臂透视下根据体表放置的克氏针定位L4、L5棘突的体表位置。②L4/5椎间孔注射:以L4棘突划一横轴的平行线,在此平行线上的患侧旁开脊柱纵轴约8 cm即为穿刺点;常规消毒铺无菌巾,取9号长针头在局麻下与腰骶部平面呈45°夹角沿横轴划线方向进行穿刺,针尖刺到骨质后C臂透视证实此时针尖正刺在L4/5關节突关节的外侧,再将针尖后退1~2 cm且偏向外侧略偏移,针尖便滑过关节突关节,此时一般有落空感,即说明针尖已进入到L4/5椎间孔,回抽无血液或脑脊液后缓慢注入消炎镇痛液5~6 mL。L5/S1椎间孔注射:同上体位,以L5棘突划一横轴的平行线,在患侧与此横轴线向上呈15°角划一直线,在此划线上旁开L5棘突8 cm即为穿刺点,进针方向即沿此划线直对L5棘突,进针的角度、穿刺技巧及注射的消炎镇痛液剂量均同L4/5椎间孔注射疗法。③出针后立即用无菌棉球压迫止血1 min,针眼处创口贴覆盖。注射治疗完成后改仰卧位,卧床休息半小时以上,无特殊不适才能让患者离院。每周一次,3次为一个疗程。消炎镇痛液配制:同前。
1.5.3单纯针刀对照组操作方法 ①患者俯卧位,腹下垫小枕,让腰椎曲度变浅、腰骶角变小,使腰椎横突间距变大,有利于针刀到达椎间孔外口。C臂透视下根据体表放置的克氏针定位L4、L5棘突的体表位置。②L4/5椎间孔针刀松解:以L4棘突划一横轴的平行线,在此平行线上的患侧旁开脊柱纵轴约8 cm即为针刀入口;常规消毒铺无菌巾,取汉章3号针刀在局麻下与腰骶部平面呈45°夹角沿横轴划线方向进入体内,针刀刺到骨质后C臂透视证实此时针刀的刀刃正顶在L4/5关节突关节的外侧,再将针刀后退1~2 cm且向外侧略偏移,针刀的刀刃便滑过关节突关节,此时一般有落空感,即说明针刀已进入到L4/5椎间孔的外口;在C臂透视监视下,针刀紧贴着腰椎上下关节突关节的骨面在椎间孔外口提插、切割数刀,以松解神经根和椎间孔内的粘连软组织,针刀下有松动感后缓慢推进针刀尖部至靶点神经根的鞘膜上,点触式刺激10 s后拔出针刀。L5/S1椎间孔针刀松解:同上体位,以L5棘突划一横轴的平行线,在患侧与此横轴线向上呈15°角划一直线,在此划线上旁开L5棘突8 cm即为针刀入口,针刀方向即沿此划线直对L5棘突,进针刀的角度、针刀松解椎间孔外口软组织粘连的技巧均同L4/5针刀松解治疗。③拔出针刀后用无菌纱布顺针刀刺入方向按压进针刀口1 min,压迫止血,贴创口贴。针刀松解治疗完成后改仰卧位,卧床休息15 min,无不适患者即可离院。每周1次,3次为1个疗程。
1.6观察指标
通过观察注射型针刀组、单纯注射对照组和单纯针刀对照组(均在C臂透视引导下进行操作),并在治疗前和治疗后1周、3个月、6个月采用日本骨科学会(JOA)腰痛疾患疗效评定标准分别对患者进行评分。记录治疗后并发症发生情况。
1.7 统计学方法
采用SPSS 21.0统计学软件进行处理,计数资料采用χ2检验;计量资料采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组患者治疗前后的JOA评分
采用日本骨科学会(JOA)腰痛疾患疗效评定标准评分,表明治疗前三组患者的评分无统计学差异(F=0.20,P=0.819)。治疗后1周,三组评分均较治疗前增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),其中注射型针刀组评分高于单纯阻滞组与单纯针刀组(P1<0.01,P2<0.01),单纯阻滞组高于单纯针刀组(P<0.01)。治疗后1个月,注射型针刀组评分高于单纯阻滞组与单纯针刀组(P1<0.01,P2<0.01),单纯针刀组高于单纯阻滞组(P=0.013)。治疗后6个月,注射型针刀组评分高于单纯阻滞组与单纯针刀组(P1<0.01,P2<0.01),单纯针刀组高于单纯阻滞组(P<0.01)。因此,采用C臂透视引导下注射型针刀经腰椎间孔注射及松解治疗比单纯阻滞治疗或单纯针刀松解治疗腰椎间盘突出症能取得更为优良的临床疗效。各组治疗前后的数据见表2、图1。
2.2 三组患者治疗的并发症出现情况
治疗当天注射型针刀组疼痛加重共5例,单纯阻滞组3例,单纯针刀组9例,三组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.236)。所有当时症状加重的患者,加重的临床症状均在3 d内消失,同时原有的临床症状逐渐缓解。注射型针刀组出现局部血肿共2例,单纯阻滞组无患者发生局部血肿,单纯针刀组3例,三组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.227)。所有出现的局部血肿均在1个月内完全消退。三组患者均未出现治疗后局部感染的病例。见表3。
3 讨论
神经阻滞疗法是国内外公认的治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效最为肯定的非手术疗法之一[9]。最初是采用硬膜外给药,可以使症状明显减轻或消失,但若操作不慎会引起一些并发症,如硬膜外血肿,类固醇误注入蛛网膜下腔可引起蛛网膜炎,甚至引起永久性的麻痹等,一般穿破硬脊膜的发生率为0.2%~0.6%,全脊麻的发生率为0.2%。逐渐采用的穿刺路径多为小关节内侧缘或椎板外切迹法,但此两种治疗方法均必须将穿刺针刺破黄韧带到达硬膜外腔,潜在有引发硬膜外侧间隙积血、粘连、感染及刺破硬膜导致全脊麻的风险[12,13]。为妥善解决此问题,目前国外已有学者[14]采用经腰椎间孔入路规避这种风险,此疗法仅在病变节段的椎间孔外口注射药物,穿刺针也不必刺破黄韧带,且注射的药物大部分集中在病灶周围,大大提高了症状的改善率及治愈率,是临床上非手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的一种新的神经阻滞方法。当然,经腰椎间孔进行神经阻滞时必须在C臂引导下才能实现,在某种程度上会加重患者的经济负担,但也正是因为有透视引导才能做到穿刺靶点的精确定位,才会有较高的治疗安全性,减少并发症的发生率[15]。此外,由于可以保存穿刺过程的影像资料,这既有利于总结临床经验,又可在遇到医疗纠纷时提供一手的临床证据。 小针刀疗法将现代的手术刀与传统的针灸针有机结合,这种新型治疗器具操作简单、疗效肯定、安全系数高、治疗费用低、治疗时患者痛苦少、患者乐于接受此疗法,在临床治疗中常能取得明显的疗效[16]。自朱汉章30年前发明小针刀以来,针刀疗法是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的一种重要而又行之有效的方法[17]。针刀通过松解软组织的粘连、瘢痕和挛缩,恢复软组织的力学动态平衡状态;改善局部微循环,消除肌肉紧张、痉挛;改善代谢促进炎症致痛物质的清除,解痙止痛[18,19]。小针刀在椎间孔外口通过对腰椎关节突关节囊、椎间孔骨纤维管内的软组织进行松解,以减轻其异常增高的压力[7]。通过减轻小关节囊内的压力,间接扩大病变节段的椎间孔,或可使神经根及脊神经后支所承受的挤压和激惹有一定程度的减少[20,21]。但是在盲视下行针刀松解椎间孔外口,仍具有较大的风险性。如果要提高小针刀治疗腰椎间盘突出症的有效性和安全性,必须结合影像学检查、病理解剖及临床表现,进行精准定位、定点,并在C臂透视引导下进行细致操作,才能减少盲视操作对正常软组织不必要的损伤以及不必要的风险。
注射型针刀[22,23]在针刀的刀刃斜口上留有能注射药液所需的针孔,这种设计方便在C臂引导下完成经腰椎间孔穿刺行神经阻滞治疗后,直接用注射型针刀的刀刃进行相应节段椎间孔外口周围软组织的松解治疗,从而使整个治疗过程一气呵成,不必如传统方法那样,先常规经椎间孔穿刺行神经阻滞治疗,完成后需拔出穿刺针,重新透视、定位后再插入针刀进行椎间孔外口软组织的松解治疗。注射型针刀的这种特殊设计简化了原有的操作步骤,术中C臂透视次数显著减少,治疗操作的风险和意外发生率自然会下降。
以往文献虽有CT 引导下针刀神经根松解联合神经根阻滞治疗腰椎间盘突出症的报道[24],但却没有C臂X线动态监视下应用小针刀松解椎间孔外口治疗腰椎间盘突出症的相关文献。相对于在CT引导下进行针刀操作,本研究所采用的注射型针刀在C臂引导下进行腰椎间盘突出症的治疗更为简便,更适于临床实际运用。一般情况下CT设备属放射科所有,临床医生使用时必须有放射科医生在场协助,且由于场地的限制,既不利于术者无菌操作,也不允许术者CT扫描时同步进行针刀操作。在这种临床实际情形下,必定会影响针刀治疗的临床疗效,甚至出现操作失误,伤及人体重要组织。另一方面,患者接受CT扫描时所承受的射线量要明显多于C臂透视,更为关键的是术中透视时术者可以同步进行针刀松解治疗。因此,在C臂引导下比在CT引导下进行针刀治疗,明显简便、耗时更少、操作更为安全,广大患者也更容易接受此项治疗技术。
综上所述,采用C臂引导下注射型针刀经腰椎间孔神经阻滞及周围软组织松解治疗腰椎间盘突出症,是一种具有近期和远期疗效满意且安全性良好的微创治疗方法,值得在基层医院推广。
[参考文献]
[1] Oertel JM,Burkhardt BW. Endoscopic intralaminar approach for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation[J]. World Neurosurgery,2017,103:410-418.
[2] Zong-Hao FU. Forty-six cases of postoperative pain in the waist and leg of lumbar disc herniation treated by warming needle moxibustion and electroacupuncture[J]. World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion,2013,23(23):46-48.
[3] Lenke LG,Moore S,Gaehle KE. Lumbar disc herniation[J].Revista Brasileira De Ortopedia,2015,45(1):17.
[4] Cilingir D,Hintistan S,Yigitbas C,et al. Nonmedical methods to relieve low back pain caused by lumbar disc herniation:A descriptive study in northeastern Turkey[J]. Pain Management Nursing,2014,15(2):449-457.
[5] Estadt GM. Chiropractic/rehabilitative management of post-surgical disc herniation:A retrospective case report[J].Journal of Chiropractic Medicine,2004,3(3):108.
[6] Patel SA,Wilt Z,Gandhi SD,et al. Cost-effectiveness of treatments for lumbar disc herniation[J]. Seminars in Spine Surgery,2016,28(1):53-56.
[7] Sun CL. One hundred and twenty-four cases of lumbar disc herniation treated with acupuncture and massage manipulation[J]. World Journal of Acupuncture Moxibustion,2013,23(2):51-54.
[8] Zeng Z,Yan M,Dai Y,et al. Percutaneous bipolar radiofrequency thermocoagulation for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation[J]. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience,2016,30:39-43. [9] Ngu BB,Dewal HS,Ludwig SC. Conservative therapies for degenerative lumbar problems[J]. Seminars in Spine Surgery,2003,15(4):384-392.
[10] Kim E,Kim SY,Kim HS,et al. Effectiveness and safety of acupotomy for lumbar disc herniation:A study protocol for a randomized,assessor-blinded,controlled pilot trial[J].Integrative Medicine Research,2017,6(3):310.
[11] 国家中医药管理局.中医病证诊断疗效标准[M].南京:南京中医药大学出版社,1994:201-230.
[12] Motiei-Langroudi R,Sadeghian H,Seddighi AS. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging factors which may predict the need for surgery in lumbar disc herniation[J]. Asian Spine Journal,2014,8(4):446.
[13] Stoll A,Sanchez M. Epidural hematoma after epidural block:Implications for its use in pain management[J]. Surgical Neurological,2002,57(4):235-240.
[14] Lutz GE,Vad VB,Wisneski RJ. Fluoroscopic transforaminal lumbar epidural steroids:An out-come study[J]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil,1998,79(11):1362-1366.
[15] Stitz MY,Sommer HM. Accuracy of blind versus fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural injection[J]. Spine,1999, 24(13):1371-1376.
[16] Kim DH. Evolution of acupuncture for pain management[J].Seminars in Integrative Medicine,2004,2(4):135-147.
[17] Shin JS,Ha IH,Lee J,et al. Effects of motion style acupuncture treatment in acute low back pain patients with severe disability:A multicenter,randomized,controlled,comparative effectiveness trial[J]. Pain,2013,154(7):1030-1037.
[18] Ganiyu SO,Gujba KF. Effects of acupuncture,core-stability exercises,and treadmill walking exercises in treating a patient with postsurgical lumbar disc herniation:A clinical case report[J]. Journal of Acupuncture