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I’ve got a lot of things to do. 在这个句子中,to do为什么不是 to be done?不定式作定语时,与被修饰的名词有四种关系,并由此决定是主动式还是被动式:
一、主谓关系
He’s not such a man to bow before difficulties.句中 a man与 to bow 在逻辑上是主谓关系,所以不定式用主动式。
二、所属关系
The poor boy had no chance to go to school. 句中 no chance to go to school可换成 no chance of going to school,由此可见,chance与动作 go是所属关系。因此,其不定式用主动式。
三、(逻辑主语明确的)动宾关系
(1)I’ve got a lot of things to do. to do 与things 是动宾关系,但 to do 意义上的主语(即逻辑主语)明确,肯定是“I”。
(2)Have you got anything to say?to say 与anything 是动宾关系;to say 意义上的主语肯定是“you”。因而不定式用主动式。若to say的逻辑主语不是“you”,如 Have you got anything to be said to Mr. Wang?可能的意义是“您有话要我(他、她……)转告王先生吗?”
(3)There’s no ground to skate on here. to skate是不及物动词,skate on 的宾语是ground,但 on the ground 实际上是句子的状语。因此,to skate的逻辑主语肯定是指“人们”,不会误解。
四、(逻辑主语不明确的)动宾关系
(1)Are you going to the party to be given at the English Department?句中 to give意义上的主语不明确,肯定不是句中的“you” 。若用主动式to give,就表明 the party 是“you”主办的了。显然这不合句意。所以,不定式须用被动式。
(2)Have you anything to be taken to the city?(to be taken 的含义是“让我带”或“请他人带”。
(3)I have a letter to be typed,Miss Liu. 显然,不是“I”打信;若是“ I ”打信,则可能的情况是:“I’m afraid I can’t go with you this moment. I’ve got a letter to type.”)
至于There is no time to lose / to be lost.一句,两种形式均可,因其句意可作两种理解:
1. There is no time (for us) to lose.
2. There is no time to be lost.
据此,请练习判断:
1. The prisoner failed in his attempt ____. (escape)
2. An apple falling was nothing unusual, but Newton was the first ____ it scientifically.(explain)
3. He was to get a book ____. (read)
4. The agreement ___________ tomorrow will concern technical cooperation. (sign)
[Key]
1. to escape / of escaping
2. to explain
3. to read
4. to be signed
编辑/梁宇清
一、主谓关系
He’s not such a man to bow before difficulties.句中 a man与 to bow 在逻辑上是主谓关系,所以不定式用主动式。
二、所属关系
The poor boy had no chance to go to school. 句中 no chance to go to school可换成 no chance of going to school,由此可见,chance与动作 go是所属关系。因此,其不定式用主动式。
三、(逻辑主语明确的)动宾关系
(1)I’ve got a lot of things to do. to do 与things 是动宾关系,但 to do 意义上的主语(即逻辑主语)明确,肯定是“I”。
(2)Have you got anything to say?to say 与anything 是动宾关系;to say 意义上的主语肯定是“you”。因而不定式用主动式。若to say的逻辑主语不是“you”,如 Have you got anything to be said to Mr. Wang?可能的意义是“您有话要我(他、她……)转告王先生吗?”
(3)There’s no ground to skate on here. to skate是不及物动词,skate on 的宾语是ground,但 on the ground 实际上是句子的状语。因此,to skate的逻辑主语肯定是指“人们”,不会误解。
四、(逻辑主语不明确的)动宾关系
(1)Are you going to the party to be given at the English Department?句中 to give意义上的主语不明确,肯定不是句中的“you” 。若用主动式to give,就表明 the party 是“you”主办的了。显然这不合句意。所以,不定式须用被动式。
(2)Have you anything to be taken to the city?(to be taken 的含义是“让我带”或“请他人带”。
(3)I have a letter to be typed,Miss Liu. 显然,不是“I”打信;若是“ I ”打信,则可能的情况是:“I’m afraid I can’t go with you this moment. I’ve got a letter to type.”)
至于There is no time to lose / to be lost.一句,两种形式均可,因其句意可作两种理解:
1. There is no time (for us) to lose.
2. There is no time to be lost.
据此,请练习判断:
1. The prisoner failed in his attempt ____. (escape)
2. An apple falling was nothing unusual, but Newton was the first ____ it scientifically.(explain)
3. He was to get a book ____. (read)
4. The agreement ___________ tomorrow will concern technical cooperation. (sign)
[Key]
1. to escape / of escaping
2. to explain
3. to read
4. to be signed
编辑/梁宇清