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碳纳米管(carbon nanotubes,CNTs)作为一种新型纳米材料,其结构为圆筒状的石墨烯片层,直径范围通常在1~100 nm,根据结构不同主要分为单壁碳纳米管(Single-walled nanotubes,SWNTs)和多壁碳纳米管(Multi-walled nanotubes,MWNTs),因具备优越的力学特性、良好生物相容性及纳米级尺寸而易于被细胞摄取等特征,其在生物医学领域的应用日益被关注。最新研究表明采用多种理化手段可实现CNTs的功能化,从而使其成为一种全新而理想的药物及基因转运载体。CNTs可与多种细胞发生相互作用,并主要通过内吞的形式被细胞摄取。目前已有大量研究将CNTs作为多种抗肿瘤药物的载体,如顺铂、多柔比星、紫杉醇等,也有研究利用CNTs负载抗真菌药物、叶酸、表皮生长因子等用于相关疾病的治疗。与此同时,CNTs经不同类型的功能化修饰(如多聚阳离子),亦可作为质粒DNA,小干扰RNA(si RNA)及微小RNA(micro RNA)的优良载体。然而,由于毒性和对环境潜在的影响等争议,真正实现CNTs在人体及临床上的应用,还有很长一段路要走,如何在保证治疗有效性的前提下尽可能降低其毒副作用是目前研究的热点与难点。本文就CNTs作为药物及基因转运载体的研究进展综述如下,以期为研发基于CNTs的新型药物及基因递送系统及应用于相关疾病的临床治疗提供参考。
As a new type of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylindrical graphene sheets with diameters ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm. They are mainly divided into single-walled carbon nanotubes -walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) are characterized by their superior mechanical properties, good biocompatibility and nanoscale size, which are easy to be taken up by cells. In the biomedical field Applications are increasingly concerned. Recent studies show that the use of a variety of physical and chemical means to achieve the functionalization of CNTs, making it a new and ideal drug and gene delivery vector. CNTs can interact with a variety of cells and is taken up by the cells, primarily through endocytosis. At present, a large number of studies have used CNTs as a carrier for various anti-tumor drugs, such as cisplatin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and the like, and CNTs-loaded antifungal agents, folic acid and epidermal growth factor have also been used in the treatment of related diseases. At the same time, CNTs are modified by different types of functionalization (such as polycations), and also can be used as excellent vectors for plasmid DNA, siRNA and micro RNA. However, due to toxicity and potential environmental impact and other controversies, the real realization of CNTs in human and clinical applications, there is still a long way to go, how to ensure the effectiveness of the premise to minimize its toxic side effects are currently Research hot and difficult. This review summarizes the progress of CNTs as a drug and gene delivery carrier in the hope of providing a reference for the development of new drugs and gene delivery systems based on CNTs and for the clinical treatment of related diseases.