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1、减量、改制、转型。减量就是减少国有研究机构的数量;改制就是保留的国立研究机构转制,实现国有民营、合同管理;转型就是政府放弃直接管理,实现基金会化。具体包括:(1)越来越多的发达国家从根本上改变大部分国立研究机构的所有制性质,将国立研究机构民有化,军工企业民营化,减少国有研究机构的数量。(2)有的发达国家,如美国原本国立研究机构的数量不多,因而不存在大规模民有化问题。美国的做法是把国有国营向国有民营管理体制转变。部分国立研究机构通过合同的方式托管给大学、工业企业和非营利性机构管理,成为国有民营的研究机构。(3)不少发达国家政府采用基金会的形式对国立研究机构进行间接管理。基金会化成为一大趋势,有很多国立研究机构都卖给了对口的民间研究基金会。基金会的特点是经费来源多样化,重视经费的使用效率。
1, reduction, restructuring, transformation. Reduction is to reduce the number of state-owned research institutions; restructuring is to retain the transformation of the national research institutions to achieve state-owned private, contract management; transformation is the government to give up the direct management of the realization of the Foundation. Specifically: (1) More and more developed countries have fundamentally changed the ownership of most state research institutions, including the democratization of national research institutions and the privatization of military enterprises, and the reduction of the number of state-owned research institutions. (2) In some developed countries, such as the small number of the original national research institutions in the United States, there is no issue of mass privatization. The United States approach is to transform state-owned state-owned enterprises into state-owned and privately-run management systems. Some national research institutes are managed by universities, industrial enterprises and non-profit institutions through contracts and become state-owned and private research institutes. (3) Many developed country governments adopt the form of foundations to indirectly manage the national research institutions. Foundations have become a major trend, with many national research institutes sold to counterparts of the Folk Research Foundation. The foundation is characterized by the diversification of sources of funds and the efficient use of funds.