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郑观应（1842-1922）原名官应,字正翔,号陶斋,别号杞忧生,慕雍山人等。广东香山人,中国近代维新派思想家,中年在澳门定居。曾当过买办,历任上海机器织布局总办,轮船招商局会办,汉阳铁厂和粤汉铁路公司总办等。创办过贸易、航运等企业。主张“商战”,发展中国资本主义工商业,力主君主立宪,实行君民共主的西方上下两院的议会制①。其提出“主以中学,辅以西学”的学习原则,设立“议院”。认为“外洋以商立国”、“借商以强国,借兵以卫商”,提出以“兵战对兵战”,以“商战对商战”的对策。强调“商贾具生财之大道,而握四民之纲领”。及“论商务之源,以制造为急,而制造之
Zheng Guanying (1842-1922) Formerly known as official, the word is Xiang, Tao Tao vegetarian, alias Qi worry students, Mu Yung Shan and others. Xiangshan, Guangdong, a modern thinker in China, settled in middle-aged in Macao. Once worked as a comprador, served as the general manager of Shanghai Machine Weaving Bureau, China Merchants Steam Turbine Office, Hanyang Iron Works and Guangdong-Wuhan Railway Company Office and so on. Founded in trade, shipping and other enterprises. Advocating “commercial warfare”, developing capitalist industry and commerce in China, supervising the constitutional monarchy, and implementing the parliamentary system of the upper and lower houses of both the West and the people. It proposed the principle of “learning from high school and supplemented with learning from west” and set up “House”. They considered “foreign war to establish a nation” and “borrowing a power to make a fortune by borrowing troops to defend the country,” and put forward the countermeasures of “war on soldiers and war on soldiers” and “business war on business war.” Emphasize “merchants have avenue of making money, and hold the program of four people.” And "on the source of business, to make it urgent, and manufacture