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一、单词
1. stand v. 忍受
stand作动词,表示“忍受”,常用于否定句或疑问句中。can’t stand意为“不能容忍;不能忍受”,后接名词、代词或动名词。eg:
How can you stand her? 你怎么受得了她?
I can’t stand it any longer. 我再也忍受不了了。
拓展:①stand表示“站立”。eg:
She was standing by the door. 她在门口站着。
②stand表示“位于;坐落”。eg:
The castle stands on a hill. 那个城堡坐落在小山上。
③stand还可表示“把某物放在某处”。eg:
I stood the ladder against the wall. 我把梯子靠在了墙上。
2. idea n. 主意;想法
idea作名词,意为“主意;想法”,是可数名词,而idea又可表示“印象;想象”,此时为不可数名词。eg:
It was a good idea to give Peter a pen for his birthday.
彼得过生日,送他一支钢笔是一个好主意。
I’ve no idea where she is. 我不知道她在哪里。
妙辨异同:idea与thought
①idea含义很广,可用于理解、思索、幻想而产生于头脑中的具体的“思想、想法、主意、念头、意见”等。eg:
I have no idea about that. 我对那件事没印象了。
That boy is always full of ideas. 那个男孩总是有一肚子主意。
②thought是经过思考,而不直接归于感觉的印象。它有可数名词和不可数名词两种形式。当表示“思想;思考;思想活动”时,是不可数名词;当表示“意见;意图;观念”时,是可数名词。eg:
After a lot of thought, I decided not to take the job.
经过长时间考虑后,我决定不要那份工作了。
I don’t know what your thoughts are. 我不知道你是怎么想的。
3. agree v. 同意;赞成 eg:
He agreed to help us. 他同意帮助我们。
The two don’t agree at all. 两人意见根本不一致。
妙辨异同:agree with, agree to与agree on
①agree with后面通常接表示人或意见、看法的词,意为“同意;赞同”,但没有承担动作的含义。eg:
I quite agree with what you said at the meeting yesterday.
我非常同意昨天你在会上发表的意见。
I agree with you. 我赞成你的意见。
Everyone agreed with the judge’s decision. 大家都同意法官的判决。
拓展:agree with作为动词短语,有时具有“适合;合意”的意思,通常与人的健康有关。eg:
The wine is too strong; it does not agree with me. (It will make me ill.)
这酒太烈了,不适合我喝。
The food that he had eaten did not agree with him. 他所吃的食物不对他的胃口。
②agree to 后面通常接表示“意见;要求”等的名词或动词原形。在用agree to时,应注意主语不仅表示看法与对方一致,而且具有承担所述的动作的含义。eg:
They agreed to another meeting. 他们答应再次会面。
Do you agree to go to the Great Wall? 你同意去长城吗?
③agree on 的意思是“就……取得一致的意见”,在表示要确定一件事情时使用。eg:
We agreed on when to go to Shanghai. 我们就何时去上海达成了一致。
The two sides have agreed on the date of negotiations. 双方商定了谈判的日期。
4. rule n. 规则 eg:
It’s against the school rules to smoke. 吸烟是违反校规的。
You must obey the rules of the game. 你必须遵守比赛规则。
拓展:①rule用作名词,还可意为“习惯,惯例;统治,管辖”。eg:
My rule is to get up at seven every morning. 我习惯每天七点钟起床。
Queen Victoria’s rule lasted 64 years. 维多利亚女王的统治持续了64年。
②“rule+-r”构成名词ruler,意为“尺子;统治者”。eg:
May I borrow your ruler? 我可以借用一下你的尺子吗?
She was the ruler of Egypt at that time. 她当时是埃及的统治者。
③rule还可用作动词,意为“统治;控制,支配”。eg:
King Charles Ⅰ ruled England for eleven years. 查理一世统治了英国11年。
Try not to let your heart rule your head.别让感情支配理智。
5. outside adv. 外面的;在外部的
在句中作状语,其反义词为inside,意为“在里面”。eg:
It was dark outside. Don’t go out yourself alone. 外面黑了,别独自一人外出。
It is cold outside. Put on more clothes.外面冷,多穿点衣服。
拓展:outside还可用作名词,意为“外面,外部”;作形容词,意为“外部的;在外面的”;作介词,意为“向……外;在……外”。eg:
The outside of the house was painted white. (作名词) 房子的外面被漆成了白色。
He needs outside help. (作形容词) 他需要外界的帮助。
Outside the house there was a notice saying “For Sale”. (作介词)
这所房子外面有一张启事写着“此屋待售”。
6. loudly adv. 大声地
loudly是副词,表示“大声地”,可指人声、敲门声或其他各种声音,强调声音高、喧闹、不悦耳。eg:
Someone knocked loudly at the door. 有人大声敲门。
Don’t shout loudly. 不要大声喊。
妙辨异同:loudly, loud与aloud
①loudly表示“大声地,高声地”,多含有喧闹之意,往往有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。eg:
Don’t talk so loudly. I’m listening to a story. 别大声说话,我在听故事。
②loud表示“大声地,响亮地,高声地”,常与talk, speak, shout, laugh, sing等词连用,指谈、笑、说、叫、唱或哭的嗓门高、声音大,在句子中多用比较级形式。eg:
I can’t hear you, please speak a little louder. 我听不见你说的话,请大声点。
③aloud表示“高声地,大声地”,常与read等词连用,指这些动作发出的声音,具有使人能听得到的意味,常位于动词的后面。aloud无比较级和最高级形式,也不用程度副词修饰。eg:
Please read this passage aloud. 请朗读这篇文章。
二、短语
1. in fact
是介词短语,表示“事实上;实际上”,在句中作状语,常用来强调或更正前句,可用于句首、句中或句尾。eg:
I thought she is American, but in fact she’s from England.
我认为她是美国人,其实她是英国人。
In fact, she is a student. 事实上,她是个学生。
I think I saw him—I’m certain, in fact. 我想我看见他了——是看见了,实际上。
2. a thirteen-year-old boy
意为“一个13岁的男孩”,其中thirteen-year-old是复合形容词,一般在句中只作定语。复合形容词中的名词一律用单数形式。eg:
She is an eight-year-old girl. 她是一个八岁的女孩。
This is an eleven-metre-tall tree. 这是一棵11米高的树。
3. arrive late for
为固定搭配,意为“做某事迟到”,相当于be late for。eg:
Don’t arrive late for the meeting next time.
=Don’t be late for the meeting next time. 下次开会别迟到。
He was late for work yesterday. 昨天他上班迟到了。
三、辨析
1. each与every
(1)each指“(两者或两者以上中的)每一个”,可作代词和限定词,可以单独使用,也可以跟of短语。eg:
Each boy is wearing a white hat.=Each of the boys is wearing a white hat.
每个男孩都戴着一顶白色的帽子。
(2)every指“(三者或三者以上中的)每一个”,只作限定词,后跟单数可数名词。eg:
Every student in our class works hard. 我们班上每名学生学习都很努力。
Every one of them likes apples.=Each of them likes apples. 他们人人都喜欢苹果。
2. at/in school与at/in the school
(1)at/in school 在上学。eg:
We are in school. 我们在上学。
(2)at/in the school 在学校里(不一定上学)。eg:
My mother works in the school. 我妈妈在这个学校里工作。
3. at night与on the night
(1)at night意为“在晚上”,泛指在晚上时,night前不需加任何词修饰。eg:
Girls are afraid to go out at night. 女孩们害怕晚上外出。
(2)on the night意为“在晚上”,表示“在某个/些晚上”时,night前需要加修饰词。eg:
He often goes out on school nights. 他在上学期间的晚上常常外出。
4. too many, too much与much too
(1)too many表示“太多”,too表示“太”,作程度副词,修饰many, many后要接可数名词的复数形式。eg:
There are too many people in the street. 街上人太多。
(2)too much也表示“太多”,中心词为much,后要接不可数名词。eg:
I have too much homework this weekend. 这周末我有太多的作业。
(3)much too意思是“太”,中心词是too,后面常接形容词或副词。eg:
My mother is much too busy. 我母亲太忙了。
1. stand v. 忍受
stand作动词,表示“忍受”,常用于否定句或疑问句中。can’t stand意为“不能容忍;不能忍受”,后接名词、代词或动名词。eg:
How can you stand her? 你怎么受得了她?
I can’t stand it any longer. 我再也忍受不了了。
拓展:①stand表示“站立”。eg:
She was standing by the door. 她在门口站着。
②stand表示“位于;坐落”。eg:
The castle stands on a hill. 那个城堡坐落在小山上。
③stand还可表示“把某物放在某处”。eg:
I stood the ladder against the wall. 我把梯子靠在了墙上。
2. idea n. 主意;想法
idea作名词,意为“主意;想法”,是可数名词,而idea又可表示“印象;想象”,此时为不可数名词。eg:
It was a good idea to give Peter a pen for his birthday.
彼得过生日,送他一支钢笔是一个好主意。
I’ve no idea where she is. 我不知道她在哪里。
妙辨异同:idea与thought
①idea含义很广,可用于理解、思索、幻想而产生于头脑中的具体的“思想、想法、主意、念头、意见”等。eg:
I have no idea about that. 我对那件事没印象了。
That boy is always full of ideas. 那个男孩总是有一肚子主意。
②thought是经过思考,而不直接归于感觉的印象。它有可数名词和不可数名词两种形式。当表示“思想;思考;思想活动”时,是不可数名词;当表示“意见;意图;观念”时,是可数名词。eg:
After a lot of thought, I decided not to take the job.
经过长时间考虑后,我决定不要那份工作了。
I don’t know what your thoughts are. 我不知道你是怎么想的。
3. agree v. 同意;赞成 eg:
He agreed to help us. 他同意帮助我们。
The two don’t agree at all. 两人意见根本不一致。
妙辨异同:agree with, agree to与agree on
①agree with后面通常接表示人或意见、看法的词,意为“同意;赞同”,但没有承担动作的含义。eg:
I quite agree with what you said at the meeting yesterday.
我非常同意昨天你在会上发表的意见。
I agree with you. 我赞成你的意见。
Everyone agreed with the judge’s decision. 大家都同意法官的判决。
拓展:agree with作为动词短语,有时具有“适合;合意”的意思,通常与人的健康有关。eg:
The wine is too strong; it does not agree with me. (It will make me ill.)
这酒太烈了,不适合我喝。
The food that he had eaten did not agree with him. 他所吃的食物不对他的胃口。
②agree to 后面通常接表示“意见;要求”等的名词或动词原形。在用agree to时,应注意主语不仅表示看法与对方一致,而且具有承担所述的动作的含义。eg:
They agreed to another meeting. 他们答应再次会面。
Do you agree to go to the Great Wall? 你同意去长城吗?
③agree on 的意思是“就……取得一致的意见”,在表示要确定一件事情时使用。eg:
We agreed on when to go to Shanghai. 我们就何时去上海达成了一致。
The two sides have agreed on the date of negotiations. 双方商定了谈判的日期。
4. rule n. 规则 eg:
It’s against the school rules to smoke. 吸烟是违反校规的。
You must obey the rules of the game. 你必须遵守比赛规则。
拓展:①rule用作名词,还可意为“习惯,惯例;统治,管辖”。eg:
My rule is to get up at seven every morning. 我习惯每天七点钟起床。
Queen Victoria’s rule lasted 64 years. 维多利亚女王的统治持续了64年。
②“rule+-r”构成名词ruler,意为“尺子;统治者”。eg:
May I borrow your ruler? 我可以借用一下你的尺子吗?
She was the ruler of Egypt at that time. 她当时是埃及的统治者。
③rule还可用作动词,意为“统治;控制,支配”。eg:
King Charles Ⅰ ruled England for eleven years. 查理一世统治了英国11年。
Try not to let your heart rule your head.别让感情支配理智。
5. outside adv. 外面的;在外部的
在句中作状语,其反义词为inside,意为“在里面”。eg:
It was dark outside. Don’t go out yourself alone. 外面黑了,别独自一人外出。
It is cold outside. Put on more clothes.外面冷,多穿点衣服。
拓展:outside还可用作名词,意为“外面,外部”;作形容词,意为“外部的;在外面的”;作介词,意为“向……外;在……外”。eg:
The outside of the house was painted white. (作名词) 房子的外面被漆成了白色。
He needs outside help. (作形容词) 他需要外界的帮助。
Outside the house there was a notice saying “For Sale”. (作介词)
这所房子外面有一张启事写着“此屋待售”。
6. loudly adv. 大声地
loudly是副词,表示“大声地”,可指人声、敲门声或其他各种声音,强调声音高、喧闹、不悦耳。eg:
Someone knocked loudly at the door. 有人大声敲门。
Don’t shout loudly. 不要大声喊。
妙辨异同:loudly, loud与aloud
①loudly表示“大声地,高声地”,多含有喧闹之意,往往有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。eg:
Don’t talk so loudly. I’m listening to a story. 别大声说话,我在听故事。
②loud表示“大声地,响亮地,高声地”,常与talk, speak, shout, laugh, sing等词连用,指谈、笑、说、叫、唱或哭的嗓门高、声音大,在句子中多用比较级形式。eg:
I can’t hear you, please speak a little louder. 我听不见你说的话,请大声点。
③aloud表示“高声地,大声地”,常与read等词连用,指这些动作发出的声音,具有使人能听得到的意味,常位于动词的后面。aloud无比较级和最高级形式,也不用程度副词修饰。eg:
Please read this passage aloud. 请朗读这篇文章。
二、短语
1. in fact
是介词短语,表示“事实上;实际上”,在句中作状语,常用来强调或更正前句,可用于句首、句中或句尾。eg:
I thought she is American, but in fact she’s from England.
我认为她是美国人,其实她是英国人。
In fact, she is a student. 事实上,她是个学生。
I think I saw him—I’m certain, in fact. 我想我看见他了——是看见了,实际上。
2. a thirteen-year-old boy
意为“一个13岁的男孩”,其中thirteen-year-old是复合形容词,一般在句中只作定语。复合形容词中的名词一律用单数形式。eg:
She is an eight-year-old girl. 她是一个八岁的女孩。
This is an eleven-metre-tall tree. 这是一棵11米高的树。
3. arrive late for
为固定搭配,意为“做某事迟到”,相当于be late for。eg:
Don’t arrive late for the meeting next time.
=Don’t be late for the meeting next time. 下次开会别迟到。
He was late for work yesterday. 昨天他上班迟到了。
三、辨析
1. each与every
(1)each指“(两者或两者以上中的)每一个”,可作代词和限定词,可以单独使用,也可以跟of短语。eg:
Each boy is wearing a white hat.=Each of the boys is wearing a white hat.
每个男孩都戴着一顶白色的帽子。
(2)every指“(三者或三者以上中的)每一个”,只作限定词,后跟单数可数名词。eg:
Every student in our class works hard. 我们班上每名学生学习都很努力。
Every one of them likes apples.=Each of them likes apples. 他们人人都喜欢苹果。
2. at/in school与at/in the school
(1)at/in school 在上学。eg:
We are in school. 我们在上学。
(2)at/in the school 在学校里(不一定上学)。eg:
My mother works in the school. 我妈妈在这个学校里工作。
3. at night与on the night
(1)at night意为“在晚上”,泛指在晚上时,night前不需加任何词修饰。eg:
Girls are afraid to go out at night. 女孩们害怕晚上外出。
(2)on the night意为“在晚上”,表示“在某个/些晚上”时,night前需要加修饰词。eg:
He often goes out on school nights. 他在上学期间的晚上常常外出。
4. too many, too much与much too
(1)too many表示“太多”,too表示“太”,作程度副词,修饰many, many后要接可数名词的复数形式。eg:
There are too many people in the street. 街上人太多。
(2)too much也表示“太多”,中心词为much,后要接不可数名词。eg:
I have too much homework this weekend. 这周末我有太多的作业。
(3)much too意思是“太”,中心词是too,后面常接形容词或副词。eg:
My mother is much too busy. 我母亲太忙了。