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科学社会学家约瑟夫·本·戴维认为:“科学所研究的课题是自然界。”本文所要论述的“科学”也是指自然科学而言。很难简单笼统地说所谓科学家(自然科学家)就是从事科学工作的人员。事实上,在1900年以前的大部分科学时代里,一名天文学家同时会是名占星术士,一名化学家在18世纪以前从事的主要工作竟可能是炼金之术,如此等等。用一个现代术语来定义的话,这些情况可称为科学家的职业流动,即指科学家职业位置的变动。它至少是20世纪以前的科学世界里
Joseph Ben David, a sociologist of science, said: “The subject of science is nature.” The word “science” in this article also refers to the natural sciences. It is hard to say simply that a scientist (a natural scientist) is a person engaged in scientific work. In fact, most astronomers were prestigious astrologers most of the scientific age of 1900, and what a chemist did most of his work until the eighteenth century might be alchemy, and so on. In a modern term to define, these conditions can be referred to as the professional mobility of scientists, that is, changes in the occupational position of scientists. It is at least the scientific world before the 20th century