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晚清中国处于西方条约体系、殖民体系与东亚朝贡体系之间,其对来自西方的现代主权〔1〕观念的态度,也经历了长期、复杂的转变过程。从单纯的怀疑与排斥态度,到通过主权制度捍卫权益并对之有重新认识,再到以修约为外交手段或目标进而对其适度接受。这种观念上的认知转变一方面反映了当时中国外交徘徊于“变与不变”的历史选择之中所作出的适应,同时也是对主权制度是否能超越西方文明所作出的正面回答。
In the late Qing Dynasty, China was in the midst of the treaty system of the West, the colonial system and the tributary system of East Asia. Its attitude towards the notion of modern sovereignty from the West also experienced a long-term and complex process of change. From a simple attitude of doubt and exclusion to the defense and restoration of rights and interests through the sovereignty system and its re-understanding, and then to amend the treaty as a diplomatic means or objective and thus a moderate acceptance. This notion of cognitive change reflects on the one hand the adaptability of China’s diplomacy to historical choices of “change and change” at that time, and at the same time a positive answer to whether the sovereignty system can surpass Western civilization .