200年前,当法国的杜尔哥和魁奈,英国的康替龙和亚当·斯密,以及德国那些以王室管家身份活动的博学的“官房学派”经济学家们将经济学作为一门独立的科学建立起来时,他们的注意力集中在两类问题上:一类是同构成国民收入的商品和劳务的生产有关的问题,另一类则是与如何在经济和社会中起着不同作用的公民集团之间进行收入分配相关的问题。如今,经济学家们使用的分析工具虽然已经改变,可是国民收入的生产及其分配仍然是 Two hundred years ago when economics like Turgut and Quyneland in France, Cornwallon and Adam Smith in the United Kingdom, and the erudite “bureaucratic” economists in Germany who operated as royal stewards When an independent science was established, their attention was focused on two types of questions: one related to the production of goods and services that make up the national income, and the other to the question of how to play in the economy and in society Issues related to income distribution among civic groups with different roles. Although the analytical tools used by economists have changed, the production of national income and its distribution are still