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十九世纪六十年代开始,清朝统治集团分裂为洋务派和顽固派两个主要政治派别。这两派在维护封建体制的根本利益上,其立场是一致的。但在如何维护和巩固清王朝统治的手段和方法上则有所差别。洋务派主张学习西方,仿效西方资本主义的生产方式,借以“图强”和“求富”,挽救风雨飘摇的清政权,顽固派则死抱封建教条;株守祖宗之法,胶柱鼓瑟,严防“以夷变夏”,以此来保存天朝的体制。他们泥古守旧,故步自封,“以天朝的尽善尽美”来自欺欺人,反对学习西方,视“洋务”为“洪水猛兽”。所以,洋务派在兴办洋务事业的过程中,不断受到顽固派的攻击
Beginning in the 1860s, the Qing ruling bloc divided into two major political factions, the Westernization and the Die Hard. Both parties hold the same position in safeguarding the fundamental interests of the feudal system. However, there are differences in the means and methods of maintaining and consolidating the rule of the Qing Dynasty. The Westernizationists advocated study of the West and imitated the production methods of western capitalism so as to save the stormy Qing regime by “strengthening the military” and “seeking prosperity for the rich.” The die-hards cling to feudalism and dogma; Prevent “Yi Yi summer”, in order to preserve the system of heaven. They are old-fashioned, complacent, self-deceiving “heaven perfect,” opposed to learning the West, as “Western Affairs” as “a scourge of the floods.” Therefore, during the establishment of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School has been constantly attacked by the die-hards