Background and objectives Volume,caloric density,and timing of administration influence compliance to oral nutritional supplements (ONS).The provision of high energy,high protein and low volume ONS may allow easy achievement of intakes considered effective in improving nutritional status.We report the evaluation of a new low volume,energy dense ONS in older adults.Methods and study design Two open-label studies,each including 20 older adults (75 ± 4 and 76 ± 5 years) in residential homes.Participants received one bottle (125 ml,400 kcal,20 g protein) of the new ONS daily,either as a single or multiple dose (3×40 ml/～400 kcal) for 7 days.Main outcome was gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance;additional parameters of interest were palatability and compliance (ratio of consumed vs.prescribed volume).Data were evaluated descriptively.Results All participants completed the studies and reported good tolerance.GI symptoms were comparable before first and after last ingestion,55％ and 65％ (single and multiple dose regimens) did not report any GI symptoms.Participants consumed 96％ and 94％ of the prescribed volume,respectively.Taste,smell and appearance were rated as good or excellent on both days of recording (day 1 and day 7) by 75-90％ of the participants in both studies.Conclusions A high energy,high protein ONS delivered in a small volume was well tolerated and accepted in older adults,with excellent compliance,independent of the delivery as single or multiple doses.Thus,this new ONS represents a clinically valuable option for high compliance to nutritional therapy.