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西方国家一贯认为智力仅是指逻辑、数学和语言能力的综合,美国哈佛大学心理学家霍华德·加德纳(Howard Garder)对此提出异议。基于一项由哈佛大学资助的研究,他提出一假设——智力至少由七个方面组成: 1.语言能力——能用口头或书面语言控制,组织并与人交流经验;2.数理逻辑能力——能用逻辑或数学术语控制组织经验并与人交流;3.音乐能力——能感受韵律和音高并进行创作;4.空间能力——能在环境中使自己适应,在头脑中产生想象,从而形成表象,并以语言、绘画或其它形式的活动表达之;5.身体运动能力——能进行各种运动,如作外科大夫,舞蹈演员、运动员等所需的动作或运动;6.内部自我能力——不断发展自我意识、自信
Western countries have always believed that intelligence refers only to the logic, mathematics and language ability of the United States Harvard psychologist Howard Gardiner (Howard Garder) challenged this. Based on a research funded by Harvard University, he put forward the hypothesis that intelligence consists of at least seven aspects: 1.Language skills - ability to control, organize and communicate experiences with verbal or written language; and 2.Language and logic skills - Ability to manipulate organizational experience and communicate with others in logical or mathematical terms; 3. Musical competence - to sense prosody and pitch and to create works; 4. Spatial competence - to adapt itself to the environment to produce imagination in the mind So as to form an appearance and express it in words, pictures or other forms of activity; 5. Physical exercise ability - to perform various exercises such as the movements or exercises required by a surgeon, dancer, athlete, etc. Internal self-ability - continuous development of self-awareness, self-confidence