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修养小说是德语文学中一种特殊小说文体,它与德国古典的修养理念有着同源关系,并与修养一道经历了复杂的思想史变迁。修养小说既是一个历史概念,又有相对稳定的叙事特征。本文从探讨修养小说与修养理念的关系入手,以修养小说的创作和诗学为依据,展示它与德国思想史的关系。基本结论为:修养小说的创作与诗学、作品事实与理想形式之间,始终存在明显的错位与反差。小说诗学表达古典的修养理念和理想,而创作则要求遵循心理真实和审美诉求。从18世纪下半叶到21世纪之初,修养小说诗学或对修养小说的研究,所涉及作品、关注问题以及得出结论,无不充满深刻的人文关怀,携带着对时代问题的回应。修养小说的研究从来都不是纯学术或纯形式的,而是自始至终都是思想史乃至历史哲学的一部分。
Cultivating novels is a kind of special novel style in German literature, which has the same origin relationship with the classical concept of cultivation in Germany and goes through complicated changes in the history of thoughts along with cultivation. Cultivating novels is not only a historical concept but also a relatively stable narrative feature. This article starts with the discussion of the relationship between the cultivation of novels and the cultivation idea, and based on the cultivation of novels and poetry, shows the relationship between it and the history of German thoughts. The basic conclusion is that there is always a significant dislocation and contrast between the creation and poetics of cultivation novels and the factual and ideal forms of works. Fiction poetics expresses the classical cultivation idea and ideal, but the creation requires to follow the psychological truth and the aesthetic appeal. From the second half of the eighteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century, the cultivation of novel poetics or the study of cultivated novels, the works involved, the problems of concern and the conclusion reached are all filled with profound humane care and carrying the response to the problems of the times. The study of cultivation novels has never been a purely academic or pure form, but it has always been part of the history of ideas and even of history.