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定语从句是高中课本新授并主要讲解的语法,也是近几年内高考常考的语法之一。笔者结合2009年高考题分析并归纳定语从句的考查热点,希望对考生有所帮助,以提高分析该类试题和选择正确答案的能力。
热点一:考查限定性和非限定性定语从句
1.限定性和非限定性定语从句做法完全一样,根据先行词在从句中所作的成分来确定是关系代词还是关系副词。若作主语、宾语或表语就用which/who/whom,若作状语就用when/where/why。表示谁的(即可以指认也可以指物)用whose。
2.非限定性定语从句先行词和从句之间有逗号隔开,所以不能用that引导。一般情况下也不用why引导非限定性定语从句。
3.which引导的非限制性定语从句既可以指先行词,还可以指代前一个分句所表达的内容。
例1.(全国二卷)My friend showed me around the town,?摇 ?摇?摇?摇 was very kind of him.
A.which B.that C.where D.it
例2.(北京)——What do you think of the job?
——I find it fun and challenging.it is a job?摇?摇 ?摇?摇you are doing something serious but interesting.
A.where B.which C.when D.that
例3.(天津)A person ?摇?摇?摇 ?摇e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.
A.who B.whom C.whose D.whoever
例4.(辽宁)They have won their last three matches,?摇 ?摇?摇?摇 they find a bit surprising.
A.that B.when C.what D.which
例5.(江苏)Because of the financial crisis,days are gone ?摇 ?摇?摇?摇local 5-star hotels charged 6000 yuan for one night.
A.if B.when C.which D.since
答案与解析:AACDB
例1“which”在非限定性定语从句中作主语,指的是前面那句话。例2“where”在限制性定语从句中作状语,修饰job。例3“whose”在从句中修饰e-mail译为“人的”,例4“which”在非限定性定语从句中代替前面整句话,作find的宾语。例5中非限制性定语从句缺少时间状语,故选B。
热点二:考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1.在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。
2.介词的选取根据先行词或是根据定语从句中的动词来确定,缺什么补什么。
3.“介词+which”如果表示地点的话可以等于where,如果表示时间的话可以等于when,表示原因的话可以等于why。
4.介词若放在定语从句中,关系代词可以用that,which或who引导。
5.有一些不能拆开的固定搭配,如look after,take care of,depend on等,一般不使用“介词+which”这种结构。
例1.(陕西)Gun control is a subject?摇?摇?摇?摇 American have argued for a long time.
A.of which B.with which C.about which D.into which
答案与解析:C
例1中的介词与定语从句中“argue”构成动词的固定搭配argue about something,故选C。
热点三:考查名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词引导的定语从句
1.这种形式引导的定语从句和介词+关系代词引导的定语从句一样,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。也可以写成of+关系代词+名词。
2.此类型的定语从句还可以转化为并列句:The old man has two sons,both of whom are teachers.此句可以转化为:The old man has two sons and both of them are teachers.
例1.(全国一卷)she brought with her three friends,none of?摇?摇?摇I had ever met before.
A.them B.who C.whom D.these
答案与解析:C
例1的先行词是“three friends”作“none of”的宾语,所以用whom。
热点四:考查特殊先行词的定语从句
1.英语中一些特殊先行词,如case,point,situation,condition,occasion等翻译为情况状况时引导定语从句,如果先行词在从句中作状语,常用关系副词where。
2.当先行词为way时,作定语从句中的状语,那么引导词可用in which/that或省略。
例1.(福建)It’s hopeful to put children in a situation?摇?摇?摇?摇they can see themselves differently.
A.that B.when C.which D.where
例2.(浙江)I have reached a point in my life?摇?摇?摇?摇I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A.which B.where C.how D.why
答案与解析:例1中有“situation”,例2中有“point”并且都作状语,所以都选where。
定语从句是整个高中阶段比较重要的语法,近几年的高考题都有体现。总之,我们作定语从句时要把握一个原则,那就是先找到先行词,然后把先行词带到从句中,看先行词在从句中作什么成分,从而选择是关系代词还是关系副词,也就是我们常说的缺什么,补什么。掌握这一技巧以不变应万变。
热点一:考查限定性和非限定性定语从句
1.限定性和非限定性定语从句做法完全一样,根据先行词在从句中所作的成分来确定是关系代词还是关系副词。若作主语、宾语或表语就用which/who/whom,若作状语就用when/where/why。表示谁的(即可以指认也可以指物)用whose。
2.非限定性定语从句先行词和从句之间有逗号隔开,所以不能用that引导。一般情况下也不用why引导非限定性定语从句。
3.which引导的非限制性定语从句既可以指先行词,还可以指代前一个分句所表达的内容。
例1.(全国二卷)My friend showed me around the town,?摇 ?摇?摇?摇 was very kind of him.
A.which B.that C.where D.it
例2.(北京)——What do you think of the job?
——I find it fun and challenging.it is a job?摇?摇 ?摇?摇you are doing something serious but interesting.
A.where B.which C.when D.that
例3.(天津)A person ?摇?摇?摇 ?摇e-mail account is full won’t be able to send or receive any e-mails.
A.who B.whom C.whose D.whoever
例4.(辽宁)They have won their last three matches,?摇 ?摇?摇?摇 they find a bit surprising.
A.that B.when C.what D.which
例5.(江苏)Because of the financial crisis,days are gone ?摇 ?摇?摇?摇local 5-star hotels charged 6000 yuan for one night.
A.if B.when C.which D.since
答案与解析:AACDB
例1“which”在非限定性定语从句中作主语,指的是前面那句话。例2“where”在限制性定语从句中作状语,修饰job。例3“whose”在从句中修饰e-mail译为“人的”,例4“which”在非限定性定语从句中代替前面整句话,作find的宾语。例5中非限制性定语从句缺少时间状语,故选B。
热点二:考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
1.在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。
2.介词的选取根据先行词或是根据定语从句中的动词来确定,缺什么补什么。
3.“介词+which”如果表示地点的话可以等于where,如果表示时间的话可以等于when,表示原因的话可以等于why。
4.介词若放在定语从句中,关系代词可以用that,which或who引导。
5.有一些不能拆开的固定搭配,如look after,take care of,depend on等,一般不使用“介词+which”这种结构。
例1.(陕西)Gun control is a subject?摇?摇?摇?摇 American have argued for a long time.
A.of which B.with which C.about which D.into which
答案与解析:C
例1中的介词与定语从句中“argue”构成动词的固定搭配argue about something,故选C。
热点三:考查名词/代词/数词+of+关系代词引导的定语从句
1.这种形式引导的定语从句和介词+关系代词引导的定语从句一样,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。也可以写成of+关系代词+名词。
2.此类型的定语从句还可以转化为并列句:The old man has two sons,both of whom are teachers.此句可以转化为:The old man has two sons and both of them are teachers.
例1.(全国一卷)she brought with her three friends,none of?摇?摇?摇I had ever met before.
A.them B.who C.whom D.these
答案与解析:C
例1的先行词是“three friends”作“none of”的宾语,所以用whom。
热点四:考查特殊先行词的定语从句
1.英语中一些特殊先行词,如case,point,situation,condition,occasion等翻译为情况状况时引导定语从句,如果先行词在从句中作状语,常用关系副词where。
2.当先行词为way时,作定语从句中的状语,那么引导词可用in which/that或省略。
例1.(福建)It’s hopeful to put children in a situation?摇?摇?摇?摇they can see themselves differently.
A.that B.when C.which D.where
例2.(浙江)I have reached a point in my life?摇?摇?摇?摇I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A.which B.where C.how D.why
答案与解析:例1中有“situation”,例2中有“point”并且都作状语,所以都选where。
定语从句是整个高中阶段比较重要的语法,近几年的高考题都有体现。总之,我们作定语从句时要把握一个原则,那就是先找到先行词,然后把先行词带到从句中,看先行词在从句中作什么成分,从而选择是关系代词还是关系副词,也就是我们常说的缺什么,补什么。掌握这一技巧以不变应万变。