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中国古代家族制度的发展,经历了一个由魏晋隋唐时期的贵族型家族制度向明清之际的普及型家族制度的演变过程,而两宋则处于此转变的中间阶段,并为普及型家族制度的发端时期。本文通过探讨普及型家族制度的一些基本要素如族长、族谱、祠堂、族产和族规等的生长和嬗变以及宋代义门大家庭与普及型家族之间的区别,分析了唐宋家族制度嬗变亦即中国传统社会后期普及型家族制度兴起的原因:唐宋间社会经济、政治格局的变化,社会流动性扩大是士大夫要求重建宗法组织的深刻社会根源;而唐代以来阶级结构的变化,如旧世族阶层衰落,客户在法律上成为国家正式的编户齐民,社会各阶层在法律地位上的日趋接近为普及型家族制度的产生和发展奠定了必要的社会基础;传统氏族社会残余,尤其服亲血缘关系是宗法重建的直接前提;最后,两宋儒学思想体系的发展和儒家孝道伦理观念的强化为普及型家族制度提供了思想根源。
The development of the ancient Chinese family system underwent a process of evolution from the aristocratic family system in the Wei, Jin, Su and Tang Dynasties to the universal family system at the turn of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, while the two Songs were in the midst of this transformation and were popular families The beginning of the system. This article analyzes the changes of the family system in the Tang and Song Dynasties through the discussion of the basic elements of the popular family system, such as the growth and evolution of patriarchs, genealogies, ancestral halls, ethnic clans and ethnic clans, and the difference between the popular family and popular families in the Song Dynasty That is, the rise of popular family system in the late period of traditional Chinese society. The changes of socio-economic and political patterns and the expansion of social mobility between the Tang and Song Dynasties are the profound social roots of the doctor’s request to rebuild patriarchal clan organization. The changes of class structure since the Tang Dynasty, for example, The decline of the elite clan, the legal legally becoming a client of the country Qi Min, the growing social status of all social classes in the legal status of the populace-type family system has laid the necessary social foundation; traditional clan social remnants, especially Finally, the development of the Confucianist thought system in the two Song dynasties and the strengthening of ethics of Confucian filial piety provide the ideological roots for the universal family system.