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15-16世纪的地理大发现,18世纪中期后工业革命的推动,使欧洲各资本主义国家迅速走上了侵略扩张的道路。而此时的清政府却闭关自守、封建落后,被资本主义列强用坚船利炮打开了大门。两次鸦片战争,资本主义列强都是从海上进攻并打败了中国,使清政府内部一些有识之士认识到中国的落后,开始注意海防问题。1874年,日本侵占台湾,更使满清朝野受到极大的震动,并由此引发了中国近代史上的第一次海防大讨论。清朝统治者在充分听取“海防派”和“塞防派”的见解后,做出了海防和塞防并重、南洋和北洋并举的战略决策。从19世纪70年代中期到90年代,洋务派先后创办了福建、北洋、南洋等水师。但在1883-1885
The geographical discovery in the 15-16th century and the impetus of the industrial revolution after the mid-18th century enabled European capitalist countries to rapidly embark on the path of aggression and expansion. At this time, the Qing government was closed and behind the feudal dictatorship, and was opened by the capitalist elite with a cannon. In the two Opium Wars, the capitalist powers all attacked and defeated China from the sea, enabling some insightful people within the Qing government to recognize China’s backwardness and began to pay attention to the issue of coastal defense. In 1874, Japan invaded and took over Taiwan, which greatly shocked the Qing dynasty and the Qing dynasty. This led to the first major debate on coastal defense in modern Chinese history. After fully admiring the views of the “Haiphong faction” and “Saidian faction faction”, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty made a strategic decision that emphasizes both sea defense and defense, and both Nanyang and Beiyang. From the mid 1970s to the 1990s, the Westernization School successively founded the navys of Fujian, Beiyang and Nanyang. But in 1883-1885