禁止烟草广告,保护全球青年

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  Every year, on 31 May, WHO and partners everywhere mark World No Tobacco Day, highlighting the health risks associated with tobacco use and advocating for effective policies to reduce tobacco consumption. Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death globally and is currently responsible for killing one in 10 adults worldwide.
  The theme for World No Tobacco Day 2013 is: ban tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.
  A comprehensive ban of all tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship is required under the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) for all Parties to this treaty within five years of the entry into force of the Convention for that Party. Evidence shows that comprehensive advertising bans lead to reductions in the numbers of people starting and continuing smoking. Statistics show that banning tobacco advertising and sponsorship is one of the most cost-effective ways to reduce tobacco demand and thus a tobacco control “best buy”.
  Goals
  The global tobacco epidemic kills nearly six million people each year, of which more than 600 000 are non-smokers dying from breathing second-hand smoke. Unless we act, the epidemic will kill more than eight million people every year by 2030. More than 80% of these preventable deaths will be among people living in low- and middle-income countries.
  The ultimate goal of World No Tobacco Day is to contribute to protect present and future generations not only from these devastating health consequences, but also against the social, environmental and economic scourges of tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke.
  Specific objectives of the 2013 campaign are to:
  spur countries to implement WHO FCTC Article 13 and its Guidelines to comprehensively ban tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship such that fewer people start and continue to use tobacco; and drive local, national and international efforts to counteract tobacco industry efforts to undermine tobacco control, specifically industry efforts to stall or stop comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship.
  每年5月31日,世卫组织及各地的合作伙伴都会纪念世界无烟日,突出强调与烟草使用相关的健康风险,并且倡导采取有效政策,减少烟草消费。2013年仍不例外,5月31日,世界卫生组织于日内瓦宣布2013年世界无烟日呼吁各国禁止一切形式的烟草广告、促销及赞助,以协助减少吸烟人数。
  世卫组织给出的研究调查显示,全球烟草流行每年使近600万人丧命,其中有60多万非吸烟者因吸入二手烟雾而失去生命。世卫组织强调,除非全世界人民共同行动,否则到2030年时每年将约有800多万人丧生于此,且80%以上的这类可预防死亡将发生在低收入及中等收入国家的人员中间。
  为号召全世界采取果断行动抑制烟草使用,世卫组织主持缔结了第一份国际条约——《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》,此条约于2003年获得通过,目前共有176个缔约方,占全球人口的88%。公约规定,所有缔约方在公约对其生效后的五年内,要广泛禁止所有的烟草广告、促销和赞助。因为据相关证据表明,广泛禁止广告,可使开始吸烟以及继续吸烟的人数下降,同时也是减少烟草需求的最为符合成本效益的方式之一。
  禁止烟草广告,降低烟草需求
  禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助是减少烟草消费量最有效的方法之一,在已实行禁令的国家中,烟草消费量平均降幅为7%。
  研究结果显示,大约三分之一年轻人是在烟草广告、促销和赞助的影响下开始吸烟的。在全球13至15岁青少年中,78%的青少年称经常接触某种形式的烟草广告、促销和赞助。
  世卫组织总干事陈冯富珍博士指出,“烟草使用位居各种普遍健康危害的最前列,但这是完全可以预防的。各国政府必须予以高度重视,遏制烟草业无耻地利用青少年,妄图将其培养成下一代尼古丁成瘾者。”
  世卫组织预防非传染性疾病司司长Douglas Bettcher博士也表示,“多数烟草使用者是在20岁之前就开始染上致命烟瘾。因此,禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助是预防年轻人开始吸烟并降低全体人口烟草消费量的一项最佳办法。”
  各国禁止烟草广告情况
  据2012年实施的“《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》全球进展报告”显示,共有83个国家通报已广泛禁止一切烟草广告、促销和赞助。其中,澳大利亚、加拿大、芬兰、爱尔兰、尼泊尔、新西兰、挪威、帕劳和巴拿马等国禁止在销售点展示烟草制品,澳大利亚还规定必须对烟草制品进行无装饰包装。
  此前一项针对土耳其烟草使用情况的调查显示,自2008年以来,由于禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助并采取了其它烟草控制措施,全国吸烟率下降了13%以上,吸烟人数减少了120万人。
  尽管,目前来看,全球禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助工作的国家数量逐渐呈上升趋势,但是世卫组织编写的“2011年全球烟草流行报告”也指出,只有19个国家(仅占全球人口6%)的禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助工作达到最高水平。三分之一以上的国家对于烟草广告、促销和赞助工作很少限制或毫无限制。对此世卫组织也表示,禁止烟草广告行动仍需继续推行。
  世界无烟日的最终目标:促进保护当前一代人以及未来的世世代代,不仅要使他们避免遭受这类破坏性健康后果,而且要避免烟草使用以及接触烟草烟雾带来的社会、环境和经济损害。
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