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动词不定式是一种非限定动词。非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词形式,它包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。非限定动词的共同特征是:它们不受句中主语的数或人称的制约;它们不能独立地表示出自身动作发生的时间;但它们都有语态的变化,并且有一般式和完成式等区分。动词不定式除了具有非限定动词的这些共同的特征之外,还有自己的功能和用法。其形式与用法是最为繁杂的语法项目之一,尤其是一些特殊形式,我们在学习或应试中更不容忽视。下面将自己在多年的教学中,汇集了它的几种特殊结构,以飨读者。
1 疑问词+不定式
此结构除保持原有的动词性质之外,又增添了名词的性质,在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等成分。其中疑问词多指who, whom, which, what, when, where, whether(不用if), how等,然而why几乎不用于此结构。如:How to persuade the worker is the first question.如何说服工人是个首要问题。(主语) I don’t know when to go.我不知道何时去。(宾语) Jim said something to Mary about what to do.吉姆对玛丽谈到有关做什么的问题。(介词宾语)The problem now is which coat to take. 现在的问题是要买哪一件外套。(表语) The plan what to do next has not been decided yet. 下一步该做什么的计划仍然未定。(同位语) He must have time in which to grow calm.他需要时间冷静下来。
2 不定式的复合结构
(1)不定式的复合结构是指“for+名词或代词宾格+不定式”结构,for之后的名词或代词宾格是该不定式的逻辑主语,而for本身无词义。此结构在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语等。如:It’s rather difficult for the people in the countryside to see the famous star.对于乡下的人们来说,很难看到明星。(主语) We think it possible for them to learn English well.我们认为他们学好英语是可能的。(宾语) The best thing would be for you to grasp the opportunity to get more money. 最好的事是你能抓住这次机会赚到更多的钱。(表语) The situation is too complicated for you to cope with. 情况太复杂,你对付不了。(状语)
(2)It is/was+形容词+of sb.+不定式 这类表示人物性格特征、行为表现的形容词同of后的名词或代词关系密切,有意义上的主表关系。常用的形容词有: kind, honest, clever, careful , careless, polite, wise, nice , brave, foolish, stupid, wrong等。如:It’s very kind of you to help the old woman cross the street. 你搀扶那位老太太过马路,真是太善良了。We think it impolite of him to ask the lady her age. 我们认为他问那位女士的年龄是不礼貌的。注意:It was foolish of him to say that.(= He was foolish to say that.)
试比较:
Ⅰ.It was nice/brave of you to do that. 那样做你真好/勇敢。
Ⅱ.It was easy for you to do that.那样做对你来说很容易。
第Ⅰ句中,形容词nice或brave是对行为者(逻辑主语)本身的评价,可以转换为You were nice/brave to say that.
第Ⅱ句中,形容词easy并不是对行为者you本身的评价,只是对for you to do that.这个不定式复合结构表达的“你这么做”这件事表示说话人的看法。它不能转换为You were easy to say that.
因此,能否作类似第a)句那样的转换可作为解题中确定用of还是for的依据。
我们不妨再比较:
It was nice of him to help her with English. (可以转换为He was nice to help her with English .) 帮助她学习英语他真好。
It was nice for him to win easily. ( 不可以转换为He was nice to win easily.)
3 分裂不定式
分裂不定式,就是组成不定式的小品词to,在一般情况下,不能与动词分开。但有时我们也会看到有些副词出现在to和动词之间,使之分离。这种现象我们称之为分裂不定式。如果不定式涉及到完成体、进行体、完成进行体或被动式时,副词一般插在第一个助动词后;如果强调副词所表达的含义,仍可插在不定式符号to后。常用的副词有:ever ,half , quickly, completely, finally, long, really, entirely, fully, plainly, truly等。如:
Their task is to quickly finish the building. 他们的任务是迅速地完成这栋建筑。 She likes to half open the windows. 她喜欢半开着窗子。
The government has begun to really do with the problem.
政府已经开始真正处理这个问题。
注:此用法多用于文学作品、报刊中,是修辞的需要。有时,为了避免产生歧义。如:The boss failed to entirely understand its real significance.老板未能完全理解它的真正意义。(意思是老板懂,但不完全懂。)The boss failed entirely to understand its real significance.老板完全不能理解它的真正意义。(意思是老板一窍不通。)
4 不定式的省略
(1)感官动词和使役动词在主动语态中不需要带to,即我们常说的“一觉二听三让五看”: feel, listen to , hear , let, make, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at. 如:She liked to listen to little birds sing. 她喜欢听小鸟歌唱。注:当它们用于被动语态时,to不能省略。let在变成被动语态时,to可有可无。如:The person was seen to enter the room by us. 我们看见那个人进了房间。The grass was let (to) grow. 就让这些草长着吧。
(2)以Why或Why not 开头,省略to. 如:Why+动词原形(无to不定式)构成的疑问句,表示这一动作是没有意义的,没有必要的,甚至是愚蠢的。如:
Why worry about such trifles? 干嘛要为那些琐事发愁?(没有意义的)
Why tell a lie? 为什么要撒谎?(愚蠢的)
(3)Why + not + 动词原形(无to不定式)构成的疑问句,用来提出建议或劝告。但如果有主语(you),就不能用不定式,而要用“why don’t you.... ”。 如:Why not go out for a walk? 为什么不出去散散步呢?Why not go out for a walk?= Why don’t you go out for a walk?为什么不出去散散步呢?
(4)由 all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时,而且从句中含有do时,其表语如果是动词不定式,则往往省去to. 如:All that I did was come here early. 我能做的就是早点赶到这儿。What I wanted to do was help the poor.我想做的是帮助那些穷人。
The first thing I could do was visit him myself.我首先能做的是我亲自拜访他。
(5)常用的结构 may well do, may as well do ,but或except后接不定式时,如果它们前面有do便可省略to,其结构为can not do but…,can not help but…等句型。如:We might as well put up here for tonight.
我们不妨今晚就在这儿过夜。She can do nothing but/except sing.她除了唱歌什么也没做。There is nothing he could do but play all day long.
他除了整天玩,别无它事可做。
(6)不定式做help后的宾语补足语或宾语时,可带to也可不带。如:Can I help(to)do some housework for you? 我可以帮你做些家务吗?I helped him(to) mend the bike.我帮助他修理自行车。
(7)在had better, would rather, rather than之后省略to. 否定式不用hadn’t better do ,而用had better not (do) ,但在疑问句中却可以用hadn’t +主语+better (do) . 如:You’d better tell him the news . 你最好把这个消息告诉他。You’d better not tell him the news.你最好不把这个消息告诉他。Rather than wait anyone, she decided to go home by subway.她决定乘地铁回家而不愿等候任何人。Hadn’t you better see a doctor? 你是不是最好去看看医生?
(8)由并列连词and, except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时,后面的动词不定式不带to. 如:I’d like to have some apples and drink a glass of milk.我想吃些苹果,喝一杯牛奶。Smith asked us to stay at home and wait till he came back.史密斯告诉我们呆在家里一直等到他回来。注:如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时,则不能省略to. 如:To try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试而失败总比不尝试好。
参考文献:
[1]蒋辉明.《中考英语》,湖北:中国地质大学出版社,2003年10月,第一次印刷
[2]薛金星.《中学教材全解——初三英语》,陕西人民出版社,2005年5月,第四版
[3]任志鸿.《高中英语总复习——优化设计》,北京:西苑出版社,2008年5月,第二版,第一次印刷
[4]孟宪珍.王渊喆,《无敌英语语法》,北京:外文出版社,2003年8月,第一版,第七次印刷
1 疑问词+不定式
此结构除保持原有的动词性质之外,又增添了名词的性质,在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等成分。其中疑问词多指who, whom, which, what, when, where, whether(不用if), how等,然而why几乎不用于此结构。如:How to persuade the worker is the first question.如何说服工人是个首要问题。(主语) I don’t know when to go.我不知道何时去。(宾语) Jim said something to Mary about what to do.吉姆对玛丽谈到有关做什么的问题。(介词宾语)The problem now is which coat to take. 现在的问题是要买哪一件外套。(表语) The plan what to do next has not been decided yet. 下一步该做什么的计划仍然未定。(同位语) He must have time in which to grow calm.他需要时间冷静下来。
2 不定式的复合结构
(1)不定式的复合结构是指“for+名词或代词宾格+不定式”结构,for之后的名词或代词宾格是该不定式的逻辑主语,而for本身无词义。此结构在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语等。如:It’s rather difficult for the people in the countryside to see the famous star.对于乡下的人们来说,很难看到明星。(主语) We think it possible for them to learn English well.我们认为他们学好英语是可能的。(宾语) The best thing would be for you to grasp the opportunity to get more money. 最好的事是你能抓住这次机会赚到更多的钱。(表语) The situation is too complicated for you to cope with. 情况太复杂,你对付不了。(状语)
(2)It is/was+形容词+of sb.+不定式 这类表示人物性格特征、行为表现的形容词同of后的名词或代词关系密切,有意义上的主表关系。常用的形容词有: kind, honest, clever, careful , careless, polite, wise, nice , brave, foolish, stupid, wrong等。如:It’s very kind of you to help the old woman cross the street. 你搀扶那位老太太过马路,真是太善良了。We think it impolite of him to ask the lady her age. 我们认为他问那位女士的年龄是不礼貌的。注意:It was foolish of him to say that.(= He was foolish to say that.)
试比较:
Ⅰ.It was nice/brave of you to do that. 那样做你真好/勇敢。
Ⅱ.It was easy for you to do that.那样做对你来说很容易。
第Ⅰ句中,形容词nice或brave是对行为者(逻辑主语)本身的评价,可以转换为You were nice/brave to say that.
第Ⅱ句中,形容词easy并不是对行为者you本身的评价,只是对for you to do that.这个不定式复合结构表达的“你这么做”这件事表示说话人的看法。它不能转换为You were easy to say that.
因此,能否作类似第a)句那样的转换可作为解题中确定用of还是for的依据。
我们不妨再比较:
It was nice of him to help her with English. (可以转换为He was nice to help her with English .) 帮助她学习英语他真好。
It was nice for him to win easily. ( 不可以转换为He was nice to win easily.)
3 分裂不定式
分裂不定式,就是组成不定式的小品词to,在一般情况下,不能与动词分开。但有时我们也会看到有些副词出现在to和动词之间,使之分离。这种现象我们称之为分裂不定式。如果不定式涉及到完成体、进行体、完成进行体或被动式时,副词一般插在第一个助动词后;如果强调副词所表达的含义,仍可插在不定式符号to后。常用的副词有:ever ,half , quickly, completely, finally, long, really, entirely, fully, plainly, truly等。如:
Their task is to quickly finish the building. 他们的任务是迅速地完成这栋建筑。 She likes to half open the windows. 她喜欢半开着窗子。
The government has begun to really do with the problem.
政府已经开始真正处理这个问题。
注:此用法多用于文学作品、报刊中,是修辞的需要。有时,为了避免产生歧义。如:The boss failed to entirely understand its real significance.老板未能完全理解它的真正意义。(意思是老板懂,但不完全懂。)The boss failed entirely to understand its real significance.老板完全不能理解它的真正意义。(意思是老板一窍不通。)
4 不定式的省略
(1)感官动词和使役动词在主动语态中不需要带to,即我们常说的“一觉二听三让五看”: feel, listen to , hear , let, make, have, see, watch, notice, observe, look at. 如:She liked to listen to little birds sing. 她喜欢听小鸟歌唱。注:当它们用于被动语态时,to不能省略。let在变成被动语态时,to可有可无。如:The person was seen to enter the room by us. 我们看见那个人进了房间。The grass was let (to) grow. 就让这些草长着吧。
(2)以Why或Why not 开头,省略to. 如:Why+动词原形(无to不定式)构成的疑问句,表示这一动作是没有意义的,没有必要的,甚至是愚蠢的。如:
Why worry about such trifles? 干嘛要为那些琐事发愁?(没有意义的)
Why tell a lie? 为什么要撒谎?(愚蠢的)
(3)Why + not + 动词原形(无to不定式)构成的疑问句,用来提出建议或劝告。但如果有主语(you),就不能用不定式,而要用“why don’t you.... ”。 如:Why not go out for a walk? 为什么不出去散散步呢?Why not go out for a walk?= Why don’t you go out for a walk?为什么不出去散散步呢?
(4)由 all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时,而且从句中含有do时,其表语如果是动词不定式,则往往省去to. 如:All that I did was come here early. 我能做的就是早点赶到这儿。What I wanted to do was help the poor.我想做的是帮助那些穷人。
The first thing I could do was visit him myself.我首先能做的是我亲自拜访他。
(5)常用的结构 may well do, may as well do ,but或except后接不定式时,如果它们前面有do便可省略to,其结构为can not do but…,can not help but…等句型。如:We might as well put up here for tonight.
我们不妨今晚就在这儿过夜。She can do nothing but/except sing.她除了唱歌什么也没做。There is nothing he could do but play all day long.
他除了整天玩,别无它事可做。
(6)不定式做help后的宾语补足语或宾语时,可带to也可不带。如:Can I help(to)do some housework for you? 我可以帮你做些家务吗?I helped him(to) mend the bike.我帮助他修理自行车。
(7)在had better, would rather, rather than之后省略to. 否定式不用hadn’t better do ,而用had better not (do) ,但在疑问句中却可以用hadn’t +主语+better (do) . 如:You’d better tell him the news . 你最好把这个消息告诉他。You’d better not tell him the news.你最好不把这个消息告诉他。Rather than wait anyone, she decided to go home by subway.她决定乘地铁回家而不愿等候任何人。Hadn’t you better see a doctor? 你是不是最好去看看医生?
(8)由并列连词and, except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时,后面的动词不定式不带to. 如:I’d like to have some apples and drink a glass of milk.我想吃些苹果,喝一杯牛奶。Smith asked us to stay at home and wait till he came back.史密斯告诉我们呆在家里一直等到他回来。注:如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时,则不能省略to. 如:To try and fail is better than not to try at all.尝试而失败总比不尝试好。
参考文献:
[1]蒋辉明.《中考英语》,湖北:中国地质大学出版社,2003年10月,第一次印刷
[2]薛金星.《中学教材全解——初三英语》,陕西人民出版社,2005年5月,第四版
[3]任志鸿.《高中英语总复习——优化设计》,北京:西苑出版社,2008年5月,第二版,第一次印刷
[4]孟宪珍.王渊喆,《无敌英语语法》,北京:外文出版社,2003年8月,第一版,第七次印刷