论文部分内容阅读
Introduction
引言
Sustainable urban development can be defined as the spatial manifestation of urban development processes that creates a built environment with norms， institutions and governance systems enabling individuals， households and societies to maximize their potential， optimize a vast range of services so that homes and dynamic neighborhoods， cities and towns are planned， built， renewed and consolidated restraining adverse impacts on the environment while safeguarding the quality of life， needs and livelihood of its present and future populations.
城市可持续发展的概念描绘了一个立体多面的城市发展过程，在这个过程中创造出一个规范、制度与治理体系都成熟完备的大环境。个人、家庭与社会都能最大限度地发挥他们的潜力，并且有大量的服务项目被优化，使得家庭与社区、城市与乡镇均能得到良好的规划、建设、更新和巩固。在抑制城市发展对环境产生负面影响的同时，保障现有与未来人口的生活质量与生存需求。
Ecology and Sustainable Development： Old and Emerging Challenges
生态与可持续发展：旧有和新生的挑战
In the recent report of the Secretary General on the on-going Post-2015 Agenda， it was recognized that the MDGs has not paid enough attention to ecological issues. While the MDG7 initially focused on access to clean drinking water and improvement of lives of slum dwellers， environmental issues， namely CO2 emissions and bio-diversity later found a place in the document but they were not robustly treated. Although important UN initiatives， such as the UNFCCC （for climate change）， the UN Convention on Biological diversity and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification took them more seriously， more remains to be done. It is broadly agreed that though that given the deepening environmental challenges， serious attention will have to be paid to developing a rigorous framework that brings the environment and development under one framework post-2015. Specific to urban ecology are： natural disasters affecting in most part poor developing countries， including in Small Island Developing States and low-lying coastal countries. Second， sea level rise， abnormal weather patterns （including prolonged draught and untimely rainfall）， and the notable cases of increased in extreme weather events that affect adversely urban and rural physical and human capital.
Central to these concerns would be discussions to influence the ways in which “countries， local governments， businesses and individuals must transform the way they generate and consume energy， travel and transport goods， use water and grow food”. 1 Considerable political will is required for the more advanced industrial to adjust their consumption that ensures a transition to sustainable consumption and production patterns； this will of course be aided by explicit investment in both social and technological and sharing of such knowledge between developed and developing counties. 近期正在举办的2015年以后的世界发展议程会议上，秘书长在其所做的报告中认为千年发展目标并未对生态问题付以足够的关注。千年发展目标7首先将重点放在了贫民窟内清洁饮用水的获得与生活质量的改进以及环境问题，尤其是二氧化碳排放与生物多样性上。这些问题虽在文件中得以提及，却都未得到重点对待和处理。尽管有联合国气候变化框架公约、联合国生物多样性公约以及联合国防治荒漠化公约的大力倡议，但仍有很多的工作亟待完成。现阶段我们所公认的是：当环境挑战逐步加深，人们将开始严肃地思考，如何为环境与发展构筑一个严密的框架，并将它们纳入2015年后发展的大框架。这些问题在城市生态方面集中表现为如下几项：首先，自然灾害所造成的最大影响往往发生在欠发达国家，包括小岛屿发展中国家与低洼沿海国家。其次，海平面上升、异常天气状况（包括持久的大风与反季的降雨）以及发生频度显著增加的极端天气，都对城市和乡镇的物质与人力资本产生了负面影响。
这些问题的核心是讨论如何影响“国家、当地政府、企业与个人转变他们生产与消耗能源、旅行与运输商品、用水与种植食物的方式”。愈是先进的工业领域，就愈需要巨大的政治影响来调整他们的消耗与生产模式向着可持续发展的方向转变；这当然也必须得到来自社会与科技的双重辅助，而且相关的信息应当得以在发达国家与发展中国家之间交流。
Urban Ecology and Sustainable Development
城市生态与可持续发展
The demographic and economic shifts of the last two decades have transformed cities and urban centres into the dominant habitats of humankind. As a result， the mode of urban development has a critical bearing on the processes leading to the attainment of sustainable development. It is therefore more critical than ever that Member States and UN Agencies come together to promote sustainable urbanization. The cities of the world’s emerging economies are becoming the drivers of the global economy at the same time as the planet’s resources are fast depleting. We must urgently find a way to achieve further economically and socially equitable growth without further cost to the environment. Cities， their spatial frameworks and infrastructural and governance systems constitute a key lever for delivering this transition.
When managed poorly， urbanization can be detrimental to sustainable development. However， when managed properly， it can contribute positively to sustainable development， for example through the reduction in per capita greenhouse gas emissions compared to rural areas. Urbanization is also one of the few solutions for effectively dealing with the huge increase in world population.
In this way， sustainable urbanization can provide one of the key unifying forces to integrate the three pillars – i.e. economic， environmental and social - of sustainable development. Efforts to create jobs， reduce ecological footprint and improve quality of life are most effective when pursued in tandem. Prioritizing sustainable urbanization can also help to ensure coherence between sectoral policies such as energy， water， sustainable consumption and production， biodiversity， natural disaster preparedness and climate change adaptation. It is important that this emerging opportunity be recognized and endorsed at Rio+20. 在过去的二十年中，由于人口迁徙与经济转移，城市与居住中心已经转变成为了人类的主要栖息地。因此，城市发展的模式在通往可持续发展的道路上将起到关键性的作用。也正因为这样，联合国机构与成员国共同携手推进可持续城市化发展就显得更为关键。在世界经济逐步融合的大潮中，城市引领着全球经济的发展，同时也在迅速地消耗着地球的资源。我们急需寻找到一条路，既能够使经济与社会进一步均衡增长，又不会进一步消耗环境资源。城市所拥有的基础管理系统与多面立体的框架结构恰好能够为我们通向这一转型目标提供至关重要的助力。
如果管理不善，城市化将会对可持续发展造成损害。然而，如果管理得当，它将为可持续发展做出积极贡献，比如减少个体二氧化碳排放量。城市化是有效应对世界人口巨大增长的为数不多的途径之一。
这样，可持续城市化发展能够使得可持续发展的三大支柱——经济、环境、社会——得以整合与统一。把追求创造就业机会、减少生态足迹并改善生活质量这几项目标的步伐结合统一，社会发展的效率才有可能达到最大化。将可持续城市化发展放到优先地位上同样可以确保社会各部门政策的连贯性，比如能源、水资源、可持续化的生产与消费、生物多样性、应对自然灾害与适应气候变化。
In the global context of urbanization and continuing industrialization， modern environmental health hazards have become major contributors to the environmental diseases weighing on the African continent. The major such hazards include water pollution from environmental degradation and industrial development， urban air pollution from automobiles， radiation hazards， climate change， and emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases. Industrial pollution， in particular， is becoming highly concentrated in expanding urban areas， and as a result pollution intensity in Africa is among the highest in the world. Even in countries that have made significant progress in the provision of access to services， including improved water and sanitation， as well as durable housing with sufficient living area， environmental health hazards affect many urban residents. Cities are therefore a key arena in determining the rate and direction of human ecology whose central tenet is that environmental sustainability and economic growth can develop harmoniously. Evidently， the two are not inherently mutually-exclusive. This can be accomplished by decoupling the rate of economic growth from the rate of energy and material use and environmental degradation. Because the world can no longer depend on cheap fuel for growth， and economic growth will almost certainly be driven by cities， sustainable urban development must incorporate these emerging dynamics.
全球都处于城市化与持续工业化的大背景下，现代环境危害已经成为非洲大陆环境疾病的主要根源。其中主要的危害包括环境退化与工业发展所造成的水污染，汽车导致的城市空气污染，辐射危害，气候变化以及新产生的和死灰复燃的传染疾病。尤其是工业污染在不断扩展的城市区划范围内高度密集，非洲也因此成为了全世界污染强度最高的地区。即便是在一些提供公共服务方面已获得显著进步的国家，饮水与消毒工作得到了改善，并且耐用的房屋也能提供足够的生活空间，但是环境危害仍然影响着许多城市居民。人类生态的核心原则是环境可持续性与经济增长能够和谐发展，这两项目标显然并非天生就互相排斥。而人类生态的发展速度与发展方向则要在城市这一核心问题上，由人类自己来做出决定。要想达到和谐发展，高速的经济发展就必须不再以高速的能源与资源消耗和高速的环境退化为代价。因为在不久的将来，支撑工业扩张的廉价能源将不复存在，经济发展就几乎必定要由城市来主导，所以可持续城市发展就必须整合这些新兴的动力。
Cities are therefore crucial to the transition to a sustainable urban economy for four complementary reasons. （1） Virtually all major innovation originates in cities whose density of institutions， people and infrastructure promotes idea sharing and experimentation. （2） When sensitively planned and serviced， urban density reduces the spatial footprint of development and permits shared infrastructure （which reduces emissions and resource use）. （3） The agglomeration economies of cities means new technologies can be tested and implemented more competitively. And （4） cities have the potential to strengthen resilience by reducing dependence on carbon intensive growth by reintegrating systems at lower costs， and stimulating efficiency in resource use and expanding skills. Whereas cities in the developed world may need to retrofit old systems， those in the developing world may leapfrog this and more cheaply increase both resource efficiency and labour intensity. Improved technology and competitiveness are prerequisites for innovation for “greener” cities. Education is an important lever to foster understanding of “greener” urbanization. The active involvement of youth as agents of change is paramount.
因此，城市在可持续城市经济的转型过程中扮演着重要角色，还有以下四个补充原因：（1）实际上，所有重要的革新都发源自城市，制度、人口与基础设施都集中在城市里，便于新观念、新创造的交流与实验。（2）通过详细敏锐的设计与维系，城市的密集化可以帮助减少城市发展留下空间的痕迹，公共设施共享的目的（比如减少排放与减少资源耗用）。（3）城市的聚集经济意味着新科技能够在更具竞争力的环境下接受测试并付诸实施。（4）通过减少对于碳密集式增长的依赖，以及刺激资源耗用与拓展技能的效率提升，城市有潜力增强它的恢复能力。鉴于发达国家的城市可能会需要改进旧有的系统，那些在发展中国家的城市则可以跳过这一阶段，以更低廉的方式来增加资源使用效率与劳动力密集度。
向着“更绿色”城市革新，是以进步的科技与竞争力为前提的。教育对于向社会推广“更绿色”城市化理念发挥着重要的作用。而最重要的还是年轻人能够作为变革先锋，积极地参与进来。
Multi-dimensional Perspective of Sustainable Urban Development
可持续城市发展的多维视角
At the global and national levels it has been difficult to achieve coherence between the economic， social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. However， urban challenges can only be addressed in an integrated manner， balancing social equity， resource efficiency and competitiveness. Therefore， sound planning and management at the city level offers concrete opportunities to connect the economic， social and environmental pillars at the local level.
At the local level： The sustainable development implementation gap can only be closed if the capacity of Local Authorities as a Major Group is strengthened. Indeed， sustainable urban development will not occur spontaneously. It must first define how resources are to be managed， allocated and re-distributed to ensure efficiency and equity， with the strong participation of inhabitants in the governance of the city. It requires more effective and adaptable institutions in the public and private sectors and civil society that are able to promote sustainable development， and reduce poverty and inequality. It also requires innovative urban planning and greater entrepreneurship and clear cooperation of all the spheres of government.
无论是站在全球还是单一国家的角度，想要在可持续发展中达到经济、社会与环境这三大支柱的一致协调都有一定的难度。然而，城市所面临的挑战只有通过综合协调的方式才能得到解决，这便需要均衡社会资产，提高资源效率与竞争性。因此，在城市层面上，健全的计划与管理便为经济、社会与环境在当地的联结与整合提供了实际的机会。
在当地层面：可持续发展的执行间隙只有地方当局作为主要部门的能力得到加强后才能够被填补。的确，可持续城市发展的进程不会自然发生。它必须首先确定资源应如何被管理、分配与再分配才能确保高效和公平，在此过程中也需要城市辖区内居民的大力支持与参与。它需要社会与私人部门都拥有更高效也更具适应性的制度，以及有能力推进可持续发展、减少贫困与不平等的民主社会。它也需要创新的城市规划，更强的创业精神，以及政府各部门间的透明协作。
At the sub-national level： There are particular challenges at the level of the city-region， a geographical unit that has enormous potential to promote sustainable development principles but is often characterized by overlapping and fragmented governance structures. At this level it is important to develop spatial strategies that promote an infrastructure configuration that maximizes sharing and minimizes excessive mobility and resource use. At the national level： There is a need to integrate sustainable urban development policy as a key component of a national sustainable development policy. In this regard， it is important to align sustainable development policies of the different tiers of government to achieve greater coherence and more efficiency in implementation. It is also important to enhance the coherence of international support to national sustainable urban development plans as part of an overall national sustainable development planning. The establishment of National Habitat Committees can enhance better coordination between line Ministries and agencies， while National Urban Forums could serve as a space for knowledge sharing amongst public， private and community stakeholders and for alignment of international support to sustainable urban development at the country level. National governments also have a role in encouraging cities to act on urban sustainability by benchmarking and monitoring against sustainable urban development baselines.
In Sum， ecology as a pillar of sustainable development should receive both consistent policy and political support， and in addition efforts by non-state actors such as IESCO should be given the desired consideration and attention in the ensuing global debate post-2015.
在次国家层面：在城市地区的层面上，有一些特定的挑战需要面对。一个地理单元在促进可持续发展上可能具备巨大的潜力，却常常因为管理结构的重叠与分立而阻断了这种潜力。在这一层面上，开发立体多元的战略以推进基础设施配置便显得尤为重要，通过合理的配置，尽可能地使共享资源最大化，使过度流动性与资源消耗最小化。
在国家层面：有必要整合可持续城市发展的政策，使之成为国家级可持续发展政策中的重要组成部分。就这一点而言，调整统一政府各层级的可持续发展政策就显得很重要，这样才能达成更大的一致性与更高的实施效率。同样重要的还有增进国际支持的连贯性，使国家级可持续城市发展规划融入综合性的国家可持续发展规划中去。成立“国家人居委员会”能够增进政府部门、职员之间更好的协调性，而设立“国家城市论坛”则能够创建一个平台，方便公共、私人与社区中的利益相关者互相交流，分享他们的信息与知识，也方便在国家层面协调来自国际间对于可持续城市发展的支持力量。国家政府亦扮演着鼓励城市积极施行与监督可持续城市发展的角色。
总而言之，作为可持续发展中的一大支柱，生态应当享有始终如一的政策与政治支持，同时，像国际生态安全合作组织这样的非国家行动者也做出了很多努力，生态问题在即将开始的2015年后全球辩论中应当得到足够的考虑与重视。
1HLP Report， HLP报告
引言
Sustainable urban development can be defined as the spatial manifestation of urban development processes that creates a built environment with norms， institutions and governance systems enabling individuals， households and societies to maximize their potential， optimize a vast range of services so that homes and dynamic neighborhoods， cities and towns are planned， built， renewed and consolidated restraining adverse impacts on the environment while safeguarding the quality of life， needs and livelihood of its present and future populations.
城市可持续发展的概念描绘了一个立体多面的城市发展过程，在这个过程中创造出一个规范、制度与治理体系都成熟完备的大环境。个人、家庭与社会都能最大限度地发挥他们的潜力，并且有大量的服务项目被优化，使得家庭与社区、城市与乡镇均能得到良好的规划、建设、更新和巩固。在抑制城市发展对环境产生负面影响的同时，保障现有与未来人口的生活质量与生存需求。
Ecology and Sustainable Development： Old and Emerging Challenges
生态与可持续发展：旧有和新生的挑战
In the recent report of the Secretary General on the on-going Post-2015 Agenda， it was recognized that the MDGs has not paid enough attention to ecological issues. While the MDG7 initially focused on access to clean drinking water and improvement of lives of slum dwellers， environmental issues， namely CO2 emissions and bio-diversity later found a place in the document but they were not robustly treated. Although important UN initiatives， such as the UNFCCC （for climate change）， the UN Convention on Biological diversity and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification took them more seriously， more remains to be done. It is broadly agreed that though that given the deepening environmental challenges， serious attention will have to be paid to developing a rigorous framework that brings the environment and development under one framework post-2015. Specific to urban ecology are： natural disasters affecting in most part poor developing countries， including in Small Island Developing States and low-lying coastal countries. Second， sea level rise， abnormal weather patterns （including prolonged draught and untimely rainfall）， and the notable cases of increased in extreme weather events that affect adversely urban and rural physical and human capital.
Central to these concerns would be discussions to influence the ways in which “countries， local governments， businesses and individuals must transform the way they generate and consume energy， travel and transport goods， use water and grow food”. 1 Considerable political will is required for the more advanced industrial to adjust their consumption that ensures a transition to sustainable consumption and production patterns； this will of course be aided by explicit investment in both social and technological and sharing of such knowledge between developed and developing counties. 近期正在举办的2015年以后的世界发展议程会议上，秘书长在其所做的报告中认为千年发展目标并未对生态问题付以足够的关注。千年发展目标7首先将重点放在了贫民窟内清洁饮用水的获得与生活质量的改进以及环境问题，尤其是二氧化碳排放与生物多样性上。这些问题虽在文件中得以提及，却都未得到重点对待和处理。尽管有联合国气候变化框架公约、联合国生物多样性公约以及联合国防治荒漠化公约的大力倡议，但仍有很多的工作亟待完成。现阶段我们所公认的是：当环境挑战逐步加深，人们将开始严肃地思考，如何为环境与发展构筑一个严密的框架，并将它们纳入2015年后发展的大框架。这些问题在城市生态方面集中表现为如下几项：首先，自然灾害所造成的最大影响往往发生在欠发达国家，包括小岛屿发展中国家与低洼沿海国家。其次，海平面上升、异常天气状况（包括持久的大风与反季的降雨）以及发生频度显著增加的极端天气，都对城市和乡镇的物质与人力资本产生了负面影响。
这些问题的核心是讨论如何影响“国家、当地政府、企业与个人转变他们生产与消耗能源、旅行与运输商品、用水与种植食物的方式”。愈是先进的工业领域，就愈需要巨大的政治影响来调整他们的消耗与生产模式向着可持续发展的方向转变；这当然也必须得到来自社会与科技的双重辅助，而且相关的信息应当得以在发达国家与发展中国家之间交流。
Urban Ecology and Sustainable Development
城市生态与可持续发展
The demographic and economic shifts of the last two decades have transformed cities and urban centres into the dominant habitats of humankind. As a result， the mode of urban development has a critical bearing on the processes leading to the attainment of sustainable development. It is therefore more critical than ever that Member States and UN Agencies come together to promote sustainable urbanization. The cities of the world’s emerging economies are becoming the drivers of the global economy at the same time as the planet’s resources are fast depleting. We must urgently find a way to achieve further economically and socially equitable growth without further cost to the environment. Cities， their spatial frameworks and infrastructural and governance systems constitute a key lever for delivering this transition.
When managed poorly， urbanization can be detrimental to sustainable development. However， when managed properly， it can contribute positively to sustainable development， for example through the reduction in per capita greenhouse gas emissions compared to rural areas. Urbanization is also one of the few solutions for effectively dealing with the huge increase in world population.
In this way， sustainable urbanization can provide one of the key unifying forces to integrate the three pillars – i.e. economic， environmental and social - of sustainable development. Efforts to create jobs， reduce ecological footprint and improve quality of life are most effective when pursued in tandem. Prioritizing sustainable urbanization can also help to ensure coherence between sectoral policies such as energy， water， sustainable consumption and production， biodiversity， natural disaster preparedness and climate change adaptation. It is important that this emerging opportunity be recognized and endorsed at Rio+20. 在过去的二十年中，由于人口迁徙与经济转移，城市与居住中心已经转变成为了人类的主要栖息地。因此，城市发展的模式在通往可持续发展的道路上将起到关键性的作用。也正因为这样，联合国机构与成员国共同携手推进可持续城市化发展就显得更为关键。在世界经济逐步融合的大潮中，城市引领着全球经济的发展，同时也在迅速地消耗着地球的资源。我们急需寻找到一条路，既能够使经济与社会进一步均衡增长，又不会进一步消耗环境资源。城市所拥有的基础管理系统与多面立体的框架结构恰好能够为我们通向这一转型目标提供至关重要的助力。
如果管理不善，城市化将会对可持续发展造成损害。然而，如果管理得当，它将为可持续发展做出积极贡献，比如减少个体二氧化碳排放量。城市化是有效应对世界人口巨大增长的为数不多的途径之一。
这样，可持续城市化发展能够使得可持续发展的三大支柱——经济、环境、社会——得以整合与统一。把追求创造就业机会、减少生态足迹并改善生活质量这几项目标的步伐结合统一，社会发展的效率才有可能达到最大化。将可持续城市化发展放到优先地位上同样可以确保社会各部门政策的连贯性，比如能源、水资源、可持续化的生产与消费、生物多样性、应对自然灾害与适应气候变化。
In the global context of urbanization and continuing industrialization， modern environmental health hazards have become major contributors to the environmental diseases weighing on the African continent. The major such hazards include water pollution from environmental degradation and industrial development， urban air pollution from automobiles， radiation hazards， climate change， and emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases. Industrial pollution， in particular， is becoming highly concentrated in expanding urban areas， and as a result pollution intensity in Africa is among the highest in the world. Even in countries that have made significant progress in the provision of access to services， including improved water and sanitation， as well as durable housing with sufficient living area， environmental health hazards affect many urban residents. Cities are therefore a key arena in determining the rate and direction of human ecology whose central tenet is that environmental sustainability and economic growth can develop harmoniously. Evidently， the two are not inherently mutually-exclusive. This can be accomplished by decoupling the rate of economic growth from the rate of energy and material use and environmental degradation. Because the world can no longer depend on cheap fuel for growth， and economic growth will almost certainly be driven by cities， sustainable urban development must incorporate these emerging dynamics.
全球都处于城市化与持续工业化的大背景下，现代环境危害已经成为非洲大陆环境疾病的主要根源。其中主要的危害包括环境退化与工业发展所造成的水污染，汽车导致的城市空气污染，辐射危害，气候变化以及新产生的和死灰复燃的传染疾病。尤其是工业污染在不断扩展的城市区划范围内高度密集，非洲也因此成为了全世界污染强度最高的地区。即便是在一些提供公共服务方面已获得显著进步的国家，饮水与消毒工作得到了改善，并且耐用的房屋也能提供足够的生活空间，但是环境危害仍然影响着许多城市居民。人类生态的核心原则是环境可持续性与经济增长能够和谐发展，这两项目标显然并非天生就互相排斥。而人类生态的发展速度与发展方向则要在城市这一核心问题上，由人类自己来做出决定。要想达到和谐发展，高速的经济发展就必须不再以高速的能源与资源消耗和高速的环境退化为代价。因为在不久的将来，支撑工业扩张的廉价能源将不复存在，经济发展就几乎必定要由城市来主导，所以可持续城市发展就必须整合这些新兴的动力。
Cities are therefore crucial to the transition to a sustainable urban economy for four complementary reasons. （1） Virtually all major innovation originates in cities whose density of institutions， people and infrastructure promotes idea sharing and experimentation. （2） When sensitively planned and serviced， urban density reduces the spatial footprint of development and permits shared infrastructure （which reduces emissions and resource use）. （3） The agglomeration economies of cities means new technologies can be tested and implemented more competitively. And （4） cities have the potential to strengthen resilience by reducing dependence on carbon intensive growth by reintegrating systems at lower costs， and stimulating efficiency in resource use and expanding skills. Whereas cities in the developed world may need to retrofit old systems， those in the developing world may leapfrog this and more cheaply increase both resource efficiency and labour intensity. Improved technology and competitiveness are prerequisites for innovation for “greener” cities. Education is an important lever to foster understanding of “greener” urbanization. The active involvement of youth as agents of change is paramount.
因此，城市在可持续城市经济的转型过程中扮演着重要角色，还有以下四个补充原因：（1）实际上，所有重要的革新都发源自城市，制度、人口与基础设施都集中在城市里，便于新观念、新创造的交流与实验。（2）通过详细敏锐的设计与维系，城市的密集化可以帮助减少城市发展留下空间的痕迹，公共设施共享的目的（比如减少排放与减少资源耗用）。（3）城市的聚集经济意味着新科技能够在更具竞争力的环境下接受测试并付诸实施。（4）通过减少对于碳密集式增长的依赖，以及刺激资源耗用与拓展技能的效率提升，城市有潜力增强它的恢复能力。鉴于发达国家的城市可能会需要改进旧有的系统，那些在发展中国家的城市则可以跳过这一阶段，以更低廉的方式来增加资源使用效率与劳动力密集度。
向着“更绿色”城市革新，是以进步的科技与竞争力为前提的。教育对于向社会推广“更绿色”城市化理念发挥着重要的作用。而最重要的还是年轻人能够作为变革先锋，积极地参与进来。
Multi-dimensional Perspective of Sustainable Urban Development
可持续城市发展的多维视角
At the global and national levels it has been difficult to achieve coherence between the economic， social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. However， urban challenges can only be addressed in an integrated manner， balancing social equity， resource efficiency and competitiveness. Therefore， sound planning and management at the city level offers concrete opportunities to connect the economic， social and environmental pillars at the local level.
At the local level： The sustainable development implementation gap can only be closed if the capacity of Local Authorities as a Major Group is strengthened. Indeed， sustainable urban development will not occur spontaneously. It must first define how resources are to be managed， allocated and re-distributed to ensure efficiency and equity， with the strong participation of inhabitants in the governance of the city. It requires more effective and adaptable institutions in the public and private sectors and civil society that are able to promote sustainable development， and reduce poverty and inequality. It also requires innovative urban planning and greater entrepreneurship and clear cooperation of all the spheres of government.
无论是站在全球还是单一国家的角度，想要在可持续发展中达到经济、社会与环境这三大支柱的一致协调都有一定的难度。然而，城市所面临的挑战只有通过综合协调的方式才能得到解决，这便需要均衡社会资产，提高资源效率与竞争性。因此，在城市层面上，健全的计划与管理便为经济、社会与环境在当地的联结与整合提供了实际的机会。
在当地层面：可持续发展的执行间隙只有地方当局作为主要部门的能力得到加强后才能够被填补。的确，可持续城市发展的进程不会自然发生。它必须首先确定资源应如何被管理、分配与再分配才能确保高效和公平，在此过程中也需要城市辖区内居民的大力支持与参与。它需要社会与私人部门都拥有更高效也更具适应性的制度，以及有能力推进可持续发展、减少贫困与不平等的民主社会。它也需要创新的城市规划，更强的创业精神，以及政府各部门间的透明协作。
At the sub-national level： There are particular challenges at the level of the city-region， a geographical unit that has enormous potential to promote sustainable development principles but is often characterized by overlapping and fragmented governance structures. At this level it is important to develop spatial strategies that promote an infrastructure configuration that maximizes sharing and minimizes excessive mobility and resource use. At the national level： There is a need to integrate sustainable urban development policy as a key component of a national sustainable development policy. In this regard， it is important to align sustainable development policies of the different tiers of government to achieve greater coherence and more efficiency in implementation. It is also important to enhance the coherence of international support to national sustainable urban development plans as part of an overall national sustainable development planning. The establishment of National Habitat Committees can enhance better coordination between line Ministries and agencies， while National Urban Forums could serve as a space for knowledge sharing amongst public， private and community stakeholders and for alignment of international support to sustainable urban development at the country level. National governments also have a role in encouraging cities to act on urban sustainability by benchmarking and monitoring against sustainable urban development baselines.
In Sum， ecology as a pillar of sustainable development should receive both consistent policy and political support， and in addition efforts by non-state actors such as IESCO should be given the desired consideration and attention in the ensuing global debate post-2015.
在次国家层面：在城市地区的层面上，有一些特定的挑战需要面对。一个地理单元在促进可持续发展上可能具备巨大的潜力，却常常因为管理结构的重叠与分立而阻断了这种潜力。在这一层面上，开发立体多元的战略以推进基础设施配置便显得尤为重要，通过合理的配置，尽可能地使共享资源最大化，使过度流动性与资源消耗最小化。
在国家层面：有必要整合可持续城市发展的政策，使之成为国家级可持续发展政策中的重要组成部分。就这一点而言，调整统一政府各层级的可持续发展政策就显得很重要，这样才能达成更大的一致性与更高的实施效率。同样重要的还有增进国际支持的连贯性，使国家级可持续城市发展规划融入综合性的国家可持续发展规划中去。成立“国家人居委员会”能够增进政府部门、职员之间更好的协调性，而设立“国家城市论坛”则能够创建一个平台，方便公共、私人与社区中的利益相关者互相交流，分享他们的信息与知识，也方便在国家层面协调来自国际间对于可持续城市发展的支持力量。国家政府亦扮演着鼓励城市积极施行与监督可持续城市发展的角色。
总而言之，作为可持续发展中的一大支柱，生态应当享有始终如一的政策与政治支持，同时，像国际生态安全合作组织这样的非国家行动者也做出了很多努力，生态问题在即将开始的2015年后全球辩论中应当得到足够的考虑与重视。
1HLP Report， HLP报告