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【Abstract】Chinese characterized words are increasingly important elements in the study Chinese English. Chinese characterized words not only include the underlying meaning of culture in China but the distinguishing feature that China only has. In the modern society, Chinese characterized words are accepted by the increasing people in the English?鄄speaking country. In the paper, first, talks about the characteristics of China’s vocabulary and culture diversity which takes the some results, such as traditional culture, regional culture, custom culture. What’s more, by giving a load of ezamples, introduces certain methods of translating Chinese characterized words including transliteration, literal translation and free translation and so on. Finally, comes up with some opinions about the development of the Chineses characterized words.
【Key words】Chinese characterized words; culture diversity; translation methods
【中图分类号】G64 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089（2014）03-0102-02
1.Introduction
English is international and interpersonal language. Presently, almost every one could speak English. So it plays an important role in communicating in China as well as in the world, it also comes into play a powerful communicated function in the aspect of political, economy, science technology, society activities and so on . As a result, in the development of China, a load of words appeared in these aspects. These words that have the full?鄄bodied Chinese characteristic show the most personalized content about the Chinese Culture. However, there is a barrier to connect the Chinese characterized words with the foreign language.It is of necessary for China to make to contributions to communicate better.
2.The characteristic of Chinese words
The writing systems in the world includes three categories such as Table?鄄shaped text (drawing noun), Phonetic script ( a combination of meaning and sound),Ideographic writing ( alphabetic writing). Chinese character is the Phonetic script and it distinguishes from most the alphabetic writing used in the nation in the world. And its shaped structure connects with the meaning it shows. The morphology in HANYU is fixed and unchanged, it puts to use the synthesis method to create the new words as well as English. Meanwhile, the meaning in HANYU is narrow, and it is fixed and accurate. As a result, when the Chinese character translates into the foreign language, the phenomenon that the relative words are vacant often occurs.
After the reform and opening?鄄up, a lot of Chinese culture-loaded words emerged, related to the political, economy, culture and education such as Reform and Opening?鄄up (改革开放)， One Nation, Two System(一国两制) and so on. With the development of the China, the English countries are eager to know the Chinese culture, the people in those countries accept and understand these Chinese culture?鄄loaded words gradually.
3.The glossary vacancy of the culture diversity
Language formed gradually in the long process of history. Different culture took shape the different language groups. So, when the different groups communicate, the lexical gap produces. It refers to that it cannot find the relative words in the other nations. These culture diversity displays mainly in the belief, art, morality, law, custom, and society habits. There are some factors inflect the lexical gap as follows.
3.1 Traditional Culture
China is a Eastern ancient nation with the long history, and has effect on the language in traditional thoughts. In China, in the people’s traditional thoughts, the dragon is a legendary animal and it is also named SI LING with phoenix, Kirin and Turtle.
The dragon is the symbol of Chinese nation. The Chinese descendant is named the descendant of dragon. However, in the Western country, the dragon is dangerous. Because, in the era of the Beowulf that English developed, the dragon is a monster that can eat persons, and killed the hero Beowulf. In short words, the people in Eastern and Western country have entirely different opinions on the same stuff.
3.2 Custom Culture
The custom culture causes the culture diversity in many aspects such as diet, marriage, solar terms, color’s preference, relative relationship and so on. For example, in China, in all kinds of festivals, prefers red color to decorate, also thinks red stands the lucky and fortune. In the marriage, the bride and the bridegroom dresses the red clothes, while in English country, the people think red color means violence and blood. In the marriage, the bride and the bridegroom like white color to symbolize their pure love, but in China, white means misfortune, and it often uses in the funeral.
4.The translation methods of the Chinese culture?鄄loaded words
Translation is a kind of cross?鄄cultural behavior. It is also a relatively transition between two languages but a blend with two culture, so it is complex completely. Meanwhile, Chinese culture?鄄loaded words agglomerate the long history culture of China. When translating, it is a problem how to reserve the connotation of Chinese culture and make the foreign people understand the meaning of the words simultaneously. As a result, it is of necessary for translators to possess the profound skills and abundant knowledge.
4.1 Transliteration
Transliteration means to convert words from one language to another language with a close approximation in phonetic sound. While in China, it refers to translate a country’s or a nation’s name, toponym, or the other nouns to another country’s or a nation’s pronunciation.
Transliteration is often used in importing the professional noun in some fields. In the process of transition, the pronunciation will be reserved，so it sounds amiable. For example, in English, tea originates in the dialect of southern Fujian, and there are also wonton(馄饨), yamen(衙门), mafoo(马夫) and so on. These words keep the Chinese culture characteristic and make people realize the meaning easily. But it also has disadvantage, in China，there is a soap called Lux, in English, lux is a unit of Measurement, it caused person trouble their own mind.
4.2 Literal translation
The definition of Literal translation can not be accurate now. But there has a statement, Literal translation or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another “word?鄄for?鄄word” rather than conveying the sense of the original. In translation studies, “literal translation” denotes technical, technological or legal texts.
For instance:
铁饭碗 iron rice bowl,
开放政策open?鄄door policy,
时间就是金钱 Time is money.
4.3 Free translation
Free translation refers to, according to the meaning of the original, without paying attention to the details and translation would also be fluent and natural. Free translation need not concentrate on the form of the original, including construction of the original sentences, meaning of the original works, metaphor of the original and so on. But Free translation does not mean to delete or add content to the original and translators must consider the original. Free translation is a skill which translators must know the culture of both source language and target language, and must have extensive knowledge.
For example:
专有技术 Technical know?鄄how
三句话不离本行Talk shop all the time
鱼米之乡A land of honey and milk
5.Conclusion
Chinese live and grow in the own Chinese society culture. In the cross?鄄cultural communicating, Chinese use the Chinese characterized words can show the characteristics of China, and they have to blend the Chinese culture to the words, if so, foreign people will not be strange to the Chinese unique culture. If Chinese want to make the Western people interest in the Chinese culture, Chinese translators need to try hard.
Bibliography:
[1]Taylor& Francis2000
[2]John Hutchins“The Whisky Was Invisible”, or Persistent Myths of MT, MT News International(June 1995) PP 17-18
[3]金惠康. 跨文化交际翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2003
[4]顾家祖, 陆昇. 语言与文化[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002
[5]张新媛. 中国英语、文化和翻译[J].安阳师范学院学报，2003，（1）：45
[6]袁良平. 跨文化交际与中国特色英语[J].浙江树人大学学报，2005,5（1）：69
[7]赵明. 语言翻译与文化交融. 江苏[M].中国矿业大学出版社，2003,3
【Key words】Chinese characterized words; culture diversity; translation methods
【中图分类号】G64 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089（2014）03-0102-02
1.Introduction
English is international and interpersonal language. Presently, almost every one could speak English. So it plays an important role in communicating in China as well as in the world, it also comes into play a powerful communicated function in the aspect of political, economy, science technology, society activities and so on . As a result, in the development of China, a load of words appeared in these aspects. These words that have the full?鄄bodied Chinese characteristic show the most personalized content about the Chinese Culture. However, there is a barrier to connect the Chinese characterized words with the foreign language.It is of necessary for China to make to contributions to communicate better.
2.The characteristic of Chinese words
The writing systems in the world includes three categories such as Table?鄄shaped text (drawing noun), Phonetic script ( a combination of meaning and sound),Ideographic writing ( alphabetic writing). Chinese character is the Phonetic script and it distinguishes from most the alphabetic writing used in the nation in the world. And its shaped structure connects with the meaning it shows. The morphology in HANYU is fixed and unchanged, it puts to use the synthesis method to create the new words as well as English. Meanwhile, the meaning in HANYU is narrow, and it is fixed and accurate. As a result, when the Chinese character translates into the foreign language, the phenomenon that the relative words are vacant often occurs.
After the reform and opening?鄄up, a lot of Chinese culture-loaded words emerged, related to the political, economy, culture and education such as Reform and Opening?鄄up (改革开放)， One Nation, Two System(一国两制) and so on. With the development of the China, the English countries are eager to know the Chinese culture, the people in those countries accept and understand these Chinese culture?鄄loaded words gradually.
3.The glossary vacancy of the culture diversity
Language formed gradually in the long process of history. Different culture took shape the different language groups. So, when the different groups communicate, the lexical gap produces. It refers to that it cannot find the relative words in the other nations. These culture diversity displays mainly in the belief, art, morality, law, custom, and society habits. There are some factors inflect the lexical gap as follows.
3.1 Traditional Culture
China is a Eastern ancient nation with the long history, and has effect on the language in traditional thoughts. In China, in the people’s traditional thoughts, the dragon is a legendary animal and it is also named SI LING with phoenix, Kirin and Turtle.
The dragon is the symbol of Chinese nation. The Chinese descendant is named the descendant of dragon. However, in the Western country, the dragon is dangerous. Because, in the era of the Beowulf that English developed, the dragon is a monster that can eat persons, and killed the hero Beowulf. In short words, the people in Eastern and Western country have entirely different opinions on the same stuff.
3.2 Custom Culture
The custom culture causes the culture diversity in many aspects such as diet, marriage, solar terms, color’s preference, relative relationship and so on. For example, in China, in all kinds of festivals, prefers red color to decorate, also thinks red stands the lucky and fortune. In the marriage, the bride and the bridegroom dresses the red clothes, while in English country, the people think red color means violence and blood. In the marriage, the bride and the bridegroom like white color to symbolize their pure love, but in China, white means misfortune, and it often uses in the funeral.
4.The translation methods of the Chinese culture?鄄loaded words
Translation is a kind of cross?鄄cultural behavior. It is also a relatively transition between two languages but a blend with two culture, so it is complex completely. Meanwhile, Chinese culture?鄄loaded words agglomerate the long history culture of China. When translating, it is a problem how to reserve the connotation of Chinese culture and make the foreign people understand the meaning of the words simultaneously. As a result, it is of necessary for translators to possess the profound skills and abundant knowledge.
4.1 Transliteration
Transliteration means to convert words from one language to another language with a close approximation in phonetic sound. While in China, it refers to translate a country’s or a nation’s name, toponym, or the other nouns to another country’s or a nation’s pronunciation.
Transliteration is often used in importing the professional noun in some fields. In the process of transition, the pronunciation will be reserved，so it sounds amiable. For example, in English, tea originates in the dialect of southern Fujian, and there are also wonton(馄饨), yamen(衙门), mafoo(马夫) and so on. These words keep the Chinese culture characteristic and make people realize the meaning easily. But it also has disadvantage, in China，there is a soap called Lux, in English, lux is a unit of Measurement, it caused person trouble their own mind.
4.2 Literal translation
The definition of Literal translation can not be accurate now. But there has a statement, Literal translation or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another “word?鄄for?鄄word” rather than conveying the sense of the original. In translation studies, “literal translation” denotes technical, technological or legal texts.
For instance:
铁饭碗 iron rice bowl,
开放政策open?鄄door policy,
时间就是金钱 Time is money.
4.3 Free translation
Free translation refers to, according to the meaning of the original, without paying attention to the details and translation would also be fluent and natural. Free translation need not concentrate on the form of the original, including construction of the original sentences, meaning of the original works, metaphor of the original and so on. But Free translation does not mean to delete or add content to the original and translators must consider the original. Free translation is a skill which translators must know the culture of both source language and target language, and must have extensive knowledge.
For example:
专有技术 Technical know?鄄how
三句话不离本行Talk shop all the time
鱼米之乡A land of honey and milk
5.Conclusion
Chinese live and grow in the own Chinese society culture. In the cross?鄄cultural communicating, Chinese use the Chinese characterized words can show the characteristics of China, and they have to blend the Chinese culture to the words, if so, foreign people will not be strange to the Chinese unique culture. If Chinese want to make the Western people interest in the Chinese culture, Chinese translators need to try hard.
Bibliography:
[1]Taylor& Francis2000
[2]John Hutchins“The Whisky Was Invisible”, or Persistent Myths of MT, MT News International(June 1995) PP 17-18
[3]金惠康. 跨文化交际翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2003
[4]顾家祖, 陆昇. 语言与文化[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002
[5]张新媛. 中国英语、文化和翻译[J].安阳师范学院学报，2003，（1）：45
[6]袁良平. 跨文化交际与中国特色英语[J].浙江树人大学学报，2005,5（1）：69
[7]赵明. 语言翻译与文化交融. 江苏[M].中国矿业大学出版社，2003,3