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在多语言、多文化、多民族的苏联,提高人民的文化水平和交际能力、培养政治思想统一的国族是国家语言政策的主要任务。苏联语言政策具有本土化和俄罗斯化两大特点,带有政治色彩的语言政策历经巨变,反映出二者之间的冲突。除少数语言外,绝大多数小族语言经历过拉丁化和西里尔化,体现了国家建设中的俄罗斯化决心。但是,政策的反复,尤其是强制推行的语言俄罗斯化,虽然产生了积极作用(如民族整合),但也带来了负面影响,滋生了不利于团结的民族主义思想。语言被分裂型民族主义者利用,成为民族分裂工具,危害国家安全。苏联语言政策的效果表明,多语言、多文化、多民族的语言政策不可操之过急,语言融合是一个受诸多因素制约的、循序渐进的自然过程。
In the multi-lingual, multi-cultural and multi-ethnic Soviet Union, raising the people’s cultural level and communicative competence and cultivating a nation with a unified political ideology are the major tasks of the national language policy. The Soviet Union’s language policy has two major characteristics: localization and Russiaization. The political language policy has undergone tremendous changes, reflecting the conflict between the two. With the exception of a few languages, the vast majority of minority languages have undergone Latinization and Cyrillization, reflecting the determination of Russification in national construction. However, the repetition of policies, especially the Russianization of the language that is imposed by force, has had a positive effect (such as national integration), but it has also had a negative impact and has created a nationalist ideology unfavorable to solidarity. Language is used by separatist nationalists as a tool of national division and endangering national security. The effect of the Soviet Union’s language policy shows that the language policy of multilingualism, multiculturalism and multi-ethnicity can not be over-determined. The fusion of languages is a natural step-by-step process controlled by many factors.