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我国自唐代开始,贵金属白银作为货币逐渐受到人们的重视1。宋以后,白银在货币流通中的作用越来越重要,到明朝英宗时放松银禁,于是各种物价多用银来表示,这样中国才真正成了一个用银之国,白银才真正货币化2。但直至清代前期,我国的白银始终是称重货币3。由于各地白银成色不一,交易时要按照官府的标准进行折算,而各地的“平”并不一致,再加上地方官员征收赋税时以“火耗”为由勒索百姓,所以到乾隆后期及嘉庆年间外国银币(福建、广东、江苏一带称之为番银、番钱或番饼)以其规格统一、重量固定的
Since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in our country, precious metal silver has gradually been valued by people as a currency. After the Song Dynasty, the role of silver in currency circulation became more and more important. By the time of Yingzong in Ming Dynasty, the ban was banned. Therefore, all kinds of prices were mostly expressed in silver, so that China became truly a silver country and silver was truly monetized 2. But until the early Qing Dynasty, the silver in our country was always the weighing currency. Due to the different qualities of silver throughout the transaction, it should be converted according to the government’s standard, while the “flat” in each place is inconsistent. When local officials collect taxes, they should be extorted from the people because of “firepower consumption” In the late period of Qianlong and Jiaqing years, foreign silver coins (in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangsu Provinces are referred to as Fan Yin, Fan Qian or Fan Bing) were unified in their specifications and fixed in weight