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目前,中学生在初中阶段对英语否定句已有初步了解和认识;加之高考命题(特别是“英语知识运用”部分)中直接涉及否定句的试题较少,很多高中学生未能引起对其足够的重视,这导致他们对英语中的否定句理解上存在这样或那样的偏差。本文通过对英语否定句的相关知识进行了一下梳理,特别是对一些“形式肯定,意义否定”,“形式否定,意义肯定”和“否定转移”的句子进行了归类和总结。下面首先来看一下否定句的分类。
一、否定句的分类
否定句既有形式上的否定,也有意义上的否定,还要结合当时的语境来判断肯定和否定,所以很难对其精细归类,下面就粗略地将其分为:
1.一般否定句。句中的not 是用以否定全句(即否定全句的中心谓语动词)的意义。
That book hasn’t been published yet.
He won’t be punished again.
2.部分否定句。代词或副词如all,both,every, everybody,everyone,many,entirely,altogether,everywhere,always,often等与not搭配使用时,以为“并非都是,不是每个都是”等。
Both of them are not my brothers.他们两个不都是我的哥哥。
The rich are not always happy.富人未必总幸福。
3.转移否定句。转移否定句往往貌似一般否定(not 的位置与一般否定句中的相同),实际上是一种部分否定句。有以下几种主要情形:
1)否定主语转换为否定谓语
No sound was heard.没有听到任何声音。
Neither plan is practicable.两个方案都行不通。
2)否定谓语转换为否定状语。
He doesn’t study in the classroom.他没在教室里学习。
I wasn’t playing all the time.我没一直在玩。
3)否定主句转换为否定从句(not…because结构)
The mountain is not valuable because it is high. 山并不因为高才有价值。
She didn’t come because you were ill.她并不是因为你病才来的。
4)否定主句的谓语转化为否定从句的谓语
这类否定转移多出现在动词think,believe,expect, suppose,imagine,fancy等后面的宾语从句中;或当view, wish,belief,thought,opinion等名词做主句的表语时,可以把从句中谓语的否定转到主句的谓语上。
I don’t believe the paper is written by him.我认为论文不是他写的。
It’s not my opinion that he is the best man for the job.我认为他并非这项工作的最佳人选。
5)否定介词宾语转化为否定谓语
Under no circumstance would he yield.在任何条件下他都不会屈服。
4.双重否定句。双重否定句是指用一个句子中用两个否定词,即否定之否定,表达的意思要比肯定句的语气重的多。
He doesn’t lend his book to nobody.他的书没有哪个不外借。
You can’t make something out of nothing. 巧妇难为无米之炊。
5.全部否定句
英语中全部否定常用none,nothing,nobody,nowhere,neither,never来表示。
(2005福建,21)I made a call to my parents yesterday.To my disappointment,neither of them answered it.昨天我给父母打电话,令我失望的是他们两个都没接。
Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人。
6.几乎否定句。这种否定句的意思接近于全部否定。常用的词有little,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,barely等。
(2004 北京,30)There’s little cooking oil left in the house.Would you go to the corner store and get some?家里食用油不多了,你能去路角百货店买点吗?
7.排除否定句。常用except, except for, but, but for等来表示对其之后部分的否定来肯定其它部分。
Everyone is ready except you.除了你,都准备好了。
He did nothing but play.
他除了玩,什么也不干。
8.加强否定句。这种否定句通常用at all,no longer, not… any more, on earth等词来加强否定的语气。I won't do it at all.我决不再做了。He is no longer a boy.他不再是个孩子了。
9.接续否定句。是指在同一个句子中的一否定词之后连续用否定词(即否定词在句中重复出现)。I can’t go,no further.我不能走了,不能再走了。None of them can swim, not one.他们都不会游泳,没有一个会游泳。
三、形式上否定而意义上肯定的句子
有些英语句子,它们明明看起来是否定形式,有时却可以表示肯定的意义,甚至表示非常强烈的肯定意义。下面就对其进行了归纳总结:
1.can/could not…too表示“无论怎样也不过分”。
You cannot be too careful when crossing the street.穿越马路时,再怎么小心也不为过。
You can never be too careful in performing an experiment.做实验越仔细越好。
2.can/could not be+enough意为“无论怎么都不够”,表示强烈的肯定。I can not thank you enough.我对你感激不尽。
You can't be careful enough.你越小心越好。
3.too…not to表示“太……不会不……”,具有肯定意义。He is too careful not to have noticed it.
他那么小心,一定会注意到这一点的。
4.never too…to是对too…to的再否定,表示肯定。
It's never too old to learn.活到老,学到老。
5.not…for nothing中,not用来否定for nothing,从而加强了谓语的肯定意义。
He didn't study law for nothing.他学法律并没有白费。
Believe me,he did not fly into such a rage for nothing.请相信我,他勃然大怒是有原因的。
6.nothing if not表示“极其”,含强烈的肯定意义。例如:He was nothing if not clever.他很聪明。The story was nothing if not interesting.故事极其有趣。
7.nothing less than表示“完全是”,有肯定的含义。
What he said was nothing less than a lie.他说的纯属谎言。
His negligence was nothing less than criminal.
他的粗心大意无异于犯罪。
8.nothing but表示“只有;只不过”,含肯定意义。例如:
(2007 江西,28)—What do you think of the performance today?
—Great!None but a musical genius could perfom so successfully.
We could see nothing but water.我们只看见一大片水。
She does nothing but listen to records.
她除了听唱片什么也不做。
9.no的否定意义很强,和具有否定意义的名词连用,来表示强烈的肯定。例如:
She is no fool.(She is very clever.)她绝不是傻瓜。
There is no question that Mr.Smith is the boss.毫无疑问,史密斯先生就是老板。
10.not…until/till?表示“直到……才”,具有肯定的意义。
She didn't stop working until it was 12 o'clock last night.
昨晚12点以前,她一直在不停地工作。
11.否定的感叹句、疑问句常表示肯定意义。
Isn't this film interesting?这电影难道没趣吗?
Who doesn't enjoy reading The Dream of the Red Mansion?
谁不喜欢看《红楼梦》呢?(人人都喜欢看《红楼梦》。)
12.以why don't you do和why not do开头的疑问句往往表示邀请、建议、指导等,具有肯定意义。Why don't you introduce her to your parents?你为什么不介绍她给你父母认识?
Why not come and see me tomorrow?明天找我怎么样?
四、形式上肯定而意义否定的句子
在英语中,常见到一些形式上肯定而意义否定的句子,个别学生不求甚解就会闹笑话。下面就将这些“似是而非”的句子进行了简单的总结:
1)too...to...,too...for...
He is too young to go to school.(=He is not old enough to go to school.)他还不够上学的年龄。
That's too much for me.这我可受不了啦。
2)stop (prevent,keep, protect...)...from...
Intact skin can protect the body from being invaded by germs.未受损的皮肤可以保护身体不受细菌侵害。
3)利用虚拟语气表否定
(2004 山东,全国I,21)Mr White should have arrived at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.怀特先生本应八点半参加会议,可他一直未出现。
You should (ought to) have done it better.你本应做得更好。(还不够好)
I could have come earlier.
我本来能早点来的。(实际上没有早来) I wish he were here now.
我希望他现在能在这儿。(实际上他不在)
They would rather die than surrender.他们宁死不降。
4)用before引导的从句表“来不及……,不等,未……先……,以防”等否定含义
The bell rang before I could look over my answers.
我还没来得及看一下答案铃就响了。
Put on more clothes before you catch cold.
多穿点衣服以防感冒。
5)预先安排的事未办到或计划落空,常用intend, hope,plan,mean,want,think等动词的过去完成时来表示:
I had hoped to save some more money to buy a new car.我本希望多攒点钱买辆新车。
6)用比较级句型表否定
He knows more than he lets on.
这件事他了解得很多,但不肯承认。
I know better than to believe him.我才不相信他那一套呢。
7)其它含否定概念的句型
God knows how high the mountain is.
谁知道这山究竟有多高。
What's the use of complaining?抱怨有什么用?
Mind your own business!莫管闲事!
How is it possible?哪有这种可能?
点评:《英语新课程标准》中指出,高中学生应该形成的英语共同基础是持续的学习动机和初步的自主学习能力以及综合语言运用能力。高中英语课程要特别着重培养学生用英语获取信息、处理信息和传达信息的能力、分析问题和解决问题的能力以及用英语进行思维和表达的能力。英语的否定句形式多样,既有形式上的,也有意义上的,当学生对英语的否定句有了细致的了解,研究其形式和传达的意义之间的各种不同类型的生成关系,将有助于学生运用英语的能力。
一、否定句的分类
否定句既有形式上的否定,也有意义上的否定,还要结合当时的语境来判断肯定和否定,所以很难对其精细归类,下面就粗略地将其分为:
1.一般否定句。句中的not 是用以否定全句(即否定全句的中心谓语动词)的意义。
That book hasn’t been published yet.
He won’t be punished again.
2.部分否定句。代词或副词如all,both,every, everybody,everyone,many,entirely,altogether,everywhere,always,often等与not搭配使用时,以为“并非都是,不是每个都是”等。
Both of them are not my brothers.他们两个不都是我的哥哥。
The rich are not always happy.富人未必总幸福。
3.转移否定句。转移否定句往往貌似一般否定(not 的位置与一般否定句中的相同),实际上是一种部分否定句。有以下几种主要情形:
1)否定主语转换为否定谓语
No sound was heard.没有听到任何声音。
Neither plan is practicable.两个方案都行不通。
2)否定谓语转换为否定状语。
He doesn’t study in the classroom.他没在教室里学习。
I wasn’t playing all the time.我没一直在玩。
3)否定主句转换为否定从句(not…because结构)
The mountain is not valuable because it is high. 山并不因为高才有价值。
She didn’t come because you were ill.她并不是因为你病才来的。
4)否定主句的谓语转化为否定从句的谓语
这类否定转移多出现在动词think,believe,expect, suppose,imagine,fancy等后面的宾语从句中;或当view, wish,belief,thought,opinion等名词做主句的表语时,可以把从句中谓语的否定转到主句的谓语上。
I don’t believe the paper is written by him.我认为论文不是他写的。
It’s not my opinion that he is the best man for the job.我认为他并非这项工作的最佳人选。
5)否定介词宾语转化为否定谓语
Under no circumstance would he yield.在任何条件下他都不会屈服。
4.双重否定句。双重否定句是指用一个句子中用两个否定词,即否定之否定,表达的意思要比肯定句的语气重的多。
He doesn’t lend his book to nobody.他的书没有哪个不外借。
You can’t make something out of nothing. 巧妇难为无米之炊。
5.全部否定句
英语中全部否定常用none,nothing,nobody,nowhere,neither,never来表示。
(2005福建,21)I made a call to my parents yesterday.To my disappointment,neither of them answered it.昨天我给父母打电话,令我失望的是他们两个都没接。
Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人。
6.几乎否定句。这种否定句的意思接近于全部否定。常用的词有little,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,barely等。
(2004 北京,30)There’s little cooking oil left in the house.Would you go to the corner store and get some?家里食用油不多了,你能去路角百货店买点吗?
7.排除否定句。常用except, except for, but, but for等来表示对其之后部分的否定来肯定其它部分。
Everyone is ready except you.除了你,都准备好了。
He did nothing but play.
他除了玩,什么也不干。
8.加强否定句。这种否定句通常用at all,no longer, not… any more, on earth等词来加强否定的语气。I won't do it at all.我决不再做了。He is no longer a boy.他不再是个孩子了。
9.接续否定句。是指在同一个句子中的一否定词之后连续用否定词(即否定词在句中重复出现)。I can’t go,no further.我不能走了,不能再走了。None of them can swim, not one.他们都不会游泳,没有一个会游泳。
三、形式上否定而意义上肯定的句子
有些英语句子,它们明明看起来是否定形式,有时却可以表示肯定的意义,甚至表示非常强烈的肯定意义。下面就对其进行了归纳总结:
1.can/could not…too表示“无论怎样也不过分”。
You cannot be too careful when crossing the street.穿越马路时,再怎么小心也不为过。
You can never be too careful in performing an experiment.做实验越仔细越好。
2.can/could not be+enough意为“无论怎么都不够”,表示强烈的肯定。I can not thank you enough.我对你感激不尽。
You can't be careful enough.你越小心越好。
3.too…not to表示“太……不会不……”,具有肯定意义。He is too careful not to have noticed it.
他那么小心,一定会注意到这一点的。
4.never too…to是对too…to的再否定,表示肯定。
It's never too old to learn.活到老,学到老。
5.not…for nothing中,not用来否定for nothing,从而加强了谓语的肯定意义。
He didn't study law for nothing.他学法律并没有白费。
Believe me,he did not fly into such a rage for nothing.请相信我,他勃然大怒是有原因的。
6.nothing if not表示“极其”,含强烈的肯定意义。例如:He was nothing if not clever.他很聪明。The story was nothing if not interesting.故事极其有趣。
7.nothing less than表示“完全是”,有肯定的含义。
What he said was nothing less than a lie.他说的纯属谎言。
His negligence was nothing less than criminal.
他的粗心大意无异于犯罪。
8.nothing but表示“只有;只不过”,含肯定意义。例如:
(2007 江西,28)—What do you think of the performance today?
—Great!None but a musical genius could perfom so successfully.
We could see nothing but water.我们只看见一大片水。
She does nothing but listen to records.
她除了听唱片什么也不做。
9.no的否定意义很强,和具有否定意义的名词连用,来表示强烈的肯定。例如:
She is no fool.(She is very clever.)她绝不是傻瓜。
There is no question that Mr.Smith is the boss.毫无疑问,史密斯先生就是老板。
10.not…until/till?表示“直到……才”,具有肯定的意义。
She didn't stop working until it was 12 o'clock last night.
昨晚12点以前,她一直在不停地工作。
11.否定的感叹句、疑问句常表示肯定意义。
Isn't this film interesting?这电影难道没趣吗?
Who doesn't enjoy reading The Dream of the Red Mansion?
谁不喜欢看《红楼梦》呢?(人人都喜欢看《红楼梦》。)
12.以why don't you do和why not do开头的疑问句往往表示邀请、建议、指导等,具有肯定意义。Why don't you introduce her to your parents?你为什么不介绍她给你父母认识?
Why not come and see me tomorrow?明天找我怎么样?
四、形式上肯定而意义否定的句子
在英语中,常见到一些形式上肯定而意义否定的句子,个别学生不求甚解就会闹笑话。下面就将这些“似是而非”的句子进行了简单的总结:
1)too...to...,too...for...
He is too young to go to school.(=He is not old enough to go to school.)他还不够上学的年龄。
That's too much for me.这我可受不了啦。
2)stop (prevent,keep, protect...)...from...
Intact skin can protect the body from being invaded by germs.未受损的皮肤可以保护身体不受细菌侵害。
3)利用虚拟语气表否定
(2004 山东,全国I,21)Mr White should have arrived at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.怀特先生本应八点半参加会议,可他一直未出现。
You should (ought to) have done it better.你本应做得更好。(还不够好)
I could have come earlier.
我本来能早点来的。(实际上没有早来) I wish he were here now.
我希望他现在能在这儿。(实际上他不在)
They would rather die than surrender.他们宁死不降。
4)用before引导的从句表“来不及……,不等,未……先……,以防”等否定含义
The bell rang before I could look over my answers.
我还没来得及看一下答案铃就响了。
Put on more clothes before you catch cold.
多穿点衣服以防感冒。
5)预先安排的事未办到或计划落空,常用intend, hope,plan,mean,want,think等动词的过去完成时来表示:
I had hoped to save some more money to buy a new car.我本希望多攒点钱买辆新车。
6)用比较级句型表否定
He knows more than he lets on.
这件事他了解得很多,但不肯承认。
I know better than to believe him.我才不相信他那一套呢。
7)其它含否定概念的句型
God knows how high the mountain is.
谁知道这山究竟有多高。
What's the use of complaining?抱怨有什么用?
Mind your own business!莫管闲事!
How is it possible?哪有这种可能?
点评:《英语新课程标准》中指出,高中学生应该形成的英语共同基础是持续的学习动机和初步的自主学习能力以及综合语言运用能力。高中英语课程要特别着重培养学生用英语获取信息、处理信息和传达信息的能力、分析问题和解决问题的能力以及用英语进行思维和表达的能力。英语的否定句形式多样,既有形式上的,也有意义上的,当学生对英语的否定句有了细致的了解,研究其形式和传达的意义之间的各种不同类型的生成关系,将有助于学生运用英语的能力。