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摘 要：本文就近年来高考英语听力和阅读理解的命题方向及解题技巧进行探索，旨在帮助学生更好的掌握学习的技巧。
关键词：听力;阅读理解;命题方向;解题技巧
一、听力
（一）命题方向
听力试题从听的角度测试考生接受语言，尤其是掌握并获取语言交流中核心信息的能力。根据考纲和我校的学科知识汇编，听力测试的方向主要体现在以下几点：①理解主旨和要义;②获取事实性的具体信息，如时间、地点、人物、价格、数据、原因、方式等;③对说话的背景、场合、说话者之间的关系等作出简单的推断;④理解说话者的意图、观点或态度。常见命题形式有：What are the speakers talking about？（ 主旨和要义）;What is the woman doing？（主旨和要义）;What does the man think of the company？（主旨和要义）;What is the woman`s opinion about British films？（主旨和要义）;What can we learn about the man？（主旨和要义）;Who /Where/What are the speakers？（人物/地点/职业）;;Where does the woman`s mother get the bananas？（地点）;;Where does the conversation take place？（地点）;;What time is it now？（时间）;;When did the boy plan to get up？ （时间）;;When will the party be held？ （时间）;How much should the woman pay？ （价格）;What is the total cost for both tickets？ （价格）;How many books are there in the library？（数据）;How old is the man？（数据）;How strong was the earthquake that just happened？（数据）;How long is a day on Mars？（数据）;How much does the man save by buying a return tickets？（数据）;Why is the man late？（原因）;How will the woman go from her morning job to the subway station today？（方式）;How does the man usually go to work？;What do we know about the author of the book/documents？（观点）;What is the main difference between an iPod and an iTouch？（背景）;what do we know about Deep Spring College？（背景）;What do we know about Apples？（背景）;What is the relationship between the two speakers？（关系）;What will the man probably do on Friday night？（意图）;What does the man like most about the movie？（意图）;What does the woman think of earthquakes？（观点）;What is true about American health care system？（观点）。
（二）解题策略
1.专题训练—综合训练—有思想的训练
专题训练十大方向：人物关系及时间数字问题、地点场所问题、旅游与交通、访谈、计划与愿望、环境与购物、总体推断与总结归纳问题、因果问题、日常活动、新闻热点。综合训练就是按照高考的时间和难度有目的的训练学生，有思想的训练就是对学生在前两个阶段暴露出来的问题进行针对性的训练。
2.听力练习时的具体做法
安-整-边-运-了，即安定情绪，集中精力;整体浏览所设问题，预测话题;边听边记，强化记忆;运用归纳、分析、综合等技巧推断最佳答案;了解文体特点，注意结构层次。
二、阅读理解
（一）命题方向
近几年的高考英语试卷保持了“稳中有变，变中求新，立足语篇”的基本命题思路。选材更趋多样化、现代化和生活化，突显语言与文化相结合的特点.就体裁而言，阅读材料所选择的文段涉及叙述体、论说体和应用体等多种文体，通过详细分析历年高考英语试卷，我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下几种题型：主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题（含写作意图、目的等），词义猜测题。
1.主旨大意题常见命题形式有
What’s the best title for the text？
The best title for this passage is ___.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？
What is the general/main idea of the passage？
Which of the following expresses the main idea？
What is the subject discussed in the text？
The writer of the story wants to tell us that_____. The passage/ text is mainly about_____.
What’s the article mainly about ？
2.细节理解题常见命题形式有
What can we learn from the passage？
All the following are mentioned except .
Which of the following is mentioned （not mentioned）？
Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…？：
Which of the following is the correct order of…？
3.推理判断题常见命题形式有
It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated？
What do you think will happen if/when…？
At the end of this passage， the writer might continue to write .
The passage is probably take out of .
The passage would most likely be found in .
Where does this text probably come from？
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text？
By mentioning…， the author aims to show that .
What is the author’s attitude/opinion towards…？
The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
4.词义猜测题常见命题形式有
The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.
The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）probably means ______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）could best be replaced by which of the following？
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ？
（二）解题策略
1.阅读方法
（1）跳读。有选择的阅读，即在文章中找到一个或关键几个词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。
（2）略读。也就是泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目的是了解大意，对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。
（3）精读。所谓精读就是用最细致、最慢、最深层的方法阅读，目的是求得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握。在应用这种阅读方法前，首先应用跳读法找到与问题有关联的地方，然后细读。此种阅读方法能回答需推断、归纳和演绎的题目
2.阅读策略（带-找-推-尽）
（1）带着问题阅读短文，根据不同题型，选用不同阅读方法。即先看问题，再决定选用跳读、略读和精读方法，这样做，目的性强，能收到事半功倍的功效。
（2）找出主题句，确定中心思想。每篇文章均讲述一个主题，不管它有几个段落，它们都围绕着一个中心思想。确定了中心思想，即抓住了关键。随后通读全文，找出重要词语，再进行推敲。
（3）推断单词、句子和通篇的含义。在做阅读理解时，常常会遇到不认识的单词、看不懂的句子等。这时考生不要紧张，而应运用学过的语言知识，通过逻辑思维，去推断出此单词和整个句子的含义。只要静下心来，绝大部分是能推断成功的。
（4）尽快选择答案。在阅读理解时，如碰到难题，如推断、结论题，不要过多地花费时间，可留下标记，待那些有把握的题目做完后再回过头来做。有时候其它题目做完后，再做难题，能多少受到点启发，对短文的理解也会有所帮助与加深，难题部分也可能就解决了
参考文献：
[1]普通高中英语课程标准
[2]2014年高考英语考试大纲
关键词：听力;阅读理解;命题方向;解题技巧
一、听力
（一）命题方向
听力试题从听的角度测试考生接受语言，尤其是掌握并获取语言交流中核心信息的能力。根据考纲和我校的学科知识汇编，听力测试的方向主要体现在以下几点：①理解主旨和要义;②获取事实性的具体信息，如时间、地点、人物、价格、数据、原因、方式等;③对说话的背景、场合、说话者之间的关系等作出简单的推断;④理解说话者的意图、观点或态度。常见命题形式有：What are the speakers talking about？（ 主旨和要义）;What is the woman doing？（主旨和要义）;What does the man think of the company？（主旨和要义）;What is the woman`s opinion about British films？（主旨和要义）;What can we learn about the man？（主旨和要义）;Who /Where/What are the speakers？（人物/地点/职业）;;Where does the woman`s mother get the bananas？（地点）;;Where does the conversation take place？（地点）;;What time is it now？（时间）;;When did the boy plan to get up？ （时间）;;When will the party be held？ （时间）;How much should the woman pay？ （价格）;What is the total cost for both tickets？ （价格）;How many books are there in the library？（数据）;How old is the man？（数据）;How strong was the earthquake that just happened？（数据）;How long is a day on Mars？（数据）;How much does the man save by buying a return tickets？（数据）;Why is the man late？（原因）;How will the woman go from her morning job to the subway station today？（方式）;How does the man usually go to work？;What do we know about the author of the book/documents？（观点）;What is the main difference between an iPod and an iTouch？（背景）;what do we know about Deep Spring College？（背景）;What do we know about Apples？（背景）;What is the relationship between the two speakers？（关系）;What will the man probably do on Friday night？（意图）;What does the man like most about the movie？（意图）;What does the woman think of earthquakes？（观点）;What is true about American health care system？（观点）。
（二）解题策略
1.专题训练—综合训练—有思想的训练
专题训练十大方向：人物关系及时间数字问题、地点场所问题、旅游与交通、访谈、计划与愿望、环境与购物、总体推断与总结归纳问题、因果问题、日常活动、新闻热点。综合训练就是按照高考的时间和难度有目的的训练学生，有思想的训练就是对学生在前两个阶段暴露出来的问题进行针对性的训练。
2.听力练习时的具体做法
安-整-边-运-了，即安定情绪，集中精力;整体浏览所设问题，预测话题;边听边记，强化记忆;运用归纳、分析、综合等技巧推断最佳答案;了解文体特点，注意结构层次。
二、阅读理解
（一）命题方向
近几年的高考英语试卷保持了“稳中有变，变中求新，立足语篇”的基本命题思路。选材更趋多样化、现代化和生活化，突显语言与文化相结合的特点.就体裁而言，阅读材料所选择的文段涉及叙述体、论说体和应用体等多种文体，通过详细分析历年高考英语试卷，我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下几种题型：主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题（含写作意图、目的等），词义猜测题。
1.主旨大意题常见命题形式有
What’s the best title for the text？
The best title for this passage is ___.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage？
What is the general/main idea of the passage？
Which of the following expresses the main idea？
What is the subject discussed in the text？
The writer of the story wants to tell us that_____. The passage/ text is mainly about_____.
What’s the article mainly about ？
2.细节理解题常见命题形式有
What can we learn from the passage？
All the following are mentioned except .
Which of the following is mentioned （not mentioned）？
Which of the following statements is true/right/false/wrong about…？：
Which of the following is the correct order of…？
3.推理判断题常见命题形式有
It can be inferred/ concluded from the text that __________.
Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated？
What do you think will happen if/when…？
At the end of this passage， the writer might continue to write .
The passage is probably take out of .
The passage would most likely be found in .
Where does this text probably come from？
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text？
By mentioning…， the author aims to show that .
What is the author’s attitude/opinion towards…？
The author’s tone in this passage is _____.
4.词义猜测题常见命题形式有
The underlined word/phrase in the second paragraph means _____.
The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）probably means ______.
The word “…”（Line 6. para.2）could best be replaced by which of the following？
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “…” ？
（二）解题策略
1.阅读方法
（1）跳读。有选择的阅读，即在文章中找到一个或关键几个词。用这种阅读方法回答who、what、when、where之类的问题最为有效。
（2）略读。也就是泛泛地、粗略地快速阅读，目的是了解大意，对文章有个总的概念。此种阅读方法能回答why、how之类的问题。
（3）精读。所谓精读就是用最细致、最慢、最深层的方法阅读，目的是求得对所读文章的全部意义的理解与掌握。在应用这种阅读方法前，首先应用跳读法找到与问题有关联的地方，然后细读。此种阅读方法能回答需推断、归纳和演绎的题目
2.阅读策略（带-找-推-尽）
（1）带着问题阅读短文，根据不同题型，选用不同阅读方法。即先看问题，再决定选用跳读、略读和精读方法，这样做，目的性强，能收到事半功倍的功效。
（2）找出主题句，确定中心思想。每篇文章均讲述一个主题，不管它有几个段落，它们都围绕着一个中心思想。确定了中心思想，即抓住了关键。随后通读全文，找出重要词语，再进行推敲。
（3）推断单词、句子和通篇的含义。在做阅读理解时，常常会遇到不认识的单词、看不懂的句子等。这时考生不要紧张，而应运用学过的语言知识，通过逻辑思维，去推断出此单词和整个句子的含义。只要静下心来，绝大部分是能推断成功的。
（4）尽快选择答案。在阅读理解时，如碰到难题，如推断、结论题，不要过多地花费时间，可留下标记，待那些有把握的题目做完后再回过头来做。有时候其它题目做完后，再做难题，能多少受到点启发，对短文的理解也会有所帮助与加深，难题部分也可能就解决了
参考文献：
[1]普通高中英语课程标准
[2]2014年高考英语考试大纲