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摘要:英汉两民族的思维语言习惯有着很大的差异,这就造成表达方式上的不同。定语从句作为英语表达方式中的一个重要手段,其形式多样,灵活多变,在英汉翻译中的地位不可小觑。笔者在此对其翻译方法进行归纳总结,通过定语化,谓语化,并列化,兼语化,连动化及状语化为大家提供翻译定语从句化繁为简的技巧,既能保留汉语的表达习惯,同时也兼顾翻译这门艺术的美感。
关键词:英汉表达定语从句翻译
Abstract: English and the national language of thinking has a great deal of difference, which caused on the expression of different. As English attributive forms one of the important means of expression, its diverse, flexible, position in the translation should not be overlooked. I discussed this on the translation method, through which, predicates, and side-by-side, and the language of, linked and adverbials as we provide the translation skills of attributive clauses to simplify both retain the expression used in Chinese, but also balance the aesthetic of the art of translation.
Keywords: expressions in English and Chinese translation of attributive clause
[中图分类号] G71[文献标识码]B [文章编号]
英语中的定语从句一般为右开放型,可以向右无限扩展。它们可分为两大类:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,两者的主要区别即在于对所修饰名词有无限制意义。下面我们通过实例对这两类定语从句的译法做一个探讨:
将定语从句做前置定语化处理
译成“……的”结构的定语短语,放在名词前面起修饰作用,从而体现正宗的汉语表达习惯。
如:1)I saw something in the paper which might interest you.
我在报纸上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。
2)Would anyone who saw the accident please get touch with the police?
请目击这一事故的人与警方联系。
以上句子为限定性定语从句,修饰的限定性较强,与汉语中的定语成分相对应,,放于名词前面并不会造成臃肿累赘。
非限定性定语从句也可以使用这种方法,但远不如限定性定语从句普遍。
如:1)The American businessman , who had long been interested in Chinese products , was invited to visit a development zone in east china.早就对中国产品感兴趣的那个美国商人, 应邀参观了华东地区的一个开发区。
2)He liked his sister,who was warm and pleasant,but he did not like his brother,who was aloof and arrogant.
他喜欢热情洋溢的妹妹,不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。
将定语从句做谓语化处理
尤其当定语从句是存在句,即“there be结构”和它的变体结构时,定语从句的谓语在意义上也是整個主句的谓语,因此在英译汉时可将其译为主谓结构的简单句。
如: 1)There are some countries in the world where there is little rain at any time.世界上有些国家终年少雨。 2)There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.
某些金属既能导电,又能被磁化。
以上两个句子都是“there be”句型,由于主句动词不表示行为,汉译时往往可以省略,主句和定语从句合译成简单句,定语从句作为单句中的谓语。
除此之外,一些结构复杂的句子拥有一个本身较简单或可以压缩为较简单的主句,而把重心放于定语从句上,也可以采取这种方法。
如:1)We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.
我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志。
3)My plan , which I have used many times , is verysimple.
我的方案, 已经用过很多次, 很简单。
将定语从句做后置并列分句处理
以上两种方法对于比较简单的英语定语从句翻译很实用。如果从句结构复杂,译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语习惯时,往往可以译成后置并列分句。此时非限定性定语从句也多因结构复杂用此方法。
1.1、先行词需要重复。由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分,如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话,常常需要重复先行词,还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。
如:They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
本例译文中用代词“这”引导独立的小分句,这时的“这”字句往往不单单指代先行词,还可能指代之前的整个句子。
如:The process of combining with oxygen is oxidation,of which burning is one type.
与氧结合的过程就是氧化,燃烧就是这其中的一种。
1.2、先行词可以省略。如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面,在“通顺、完整”的前提下,有时候可以省略先行词。
如: They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.
他们制定出一种新方案,采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
将定语从句做兼语化处理
当先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,即先行词在逻辑上与定语从句中的动词构成主谓或动宾关系时,就可采用此方法使两个分句融为一体。
如:1)I need someone who can instruct me in my English study. 我需要一个人来指导我学习英语。
2)When I passed by, I saw a man who was quarreling with his wife. 当我经过时,我看到一个人和他的妻子在吵架。
将定语从句做连动化处理
为了行文方便,有时候在英译汉时就需要把主句、从句中的动词连起来一起翻译,从而使句子显得连贯,符合汉语的表达习惯。
如:1) We will send the boy to Britain, where he can receive better education. 我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接受更好的教育。
2) He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket, which he began to drink slowly. 他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来、
将定语从句状语化处理
有些定语从句与主句之间有着紧密的逻辑关系,在全句中起状语作用:表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。这种情况下,需要搞清逻辑关系,灵活处理,有时可以译成相应的状语从句。
如:1)The computer , which seems to play the role of a human brain , is often called an electric brain. 由于计算机起着类似人脑的作用, 所以常常被称作电脑。(表原因,关系代词相当于for或as+主语 )
2)She took Chinese medicine which relieved her symptom. 她服了中药, 结果缓解了症状。(表结果,关系代词相当于so that+主語)
3)We have to oil the moving parts of the machine,the friction of which may thus be greatly reduced.
我们必须给机器的运动部件加润滑剂,以使摩擦大大减少。(表目的,关系代词相当于不定式短语或者in order to结构)
4)He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for
尽管他并没有这样的需要,他坚持要再买一幢房子。(表让步,关系代词相当于though、 although)
5)Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.
如果认为理性知识不必由感性知识得来,那他就是一个唯心主义者。(表假设,关系代词相当于if)
7、结束语
英语形式的缜密与汉语逻辑的鲜明共同造成翻译的困难,使得我们不能只从语法关系上把握源出语,更要从功能上把握它。在翻译定语从句时,应当能够从定语结构的形式上解放出来,用灵活多样的表达方式译成地道的目的语:中文。既达到原文与译文最大程度上的对等,同时尽可能地获得翻译艺术的美感。
参考文献:
1. 英汉互动翻译教程(修订本) 李明 编著 武汉大学出版社 P177-178
2.张道真英语语法 张道真 编著 商务印书馆 P565-P567
关键词:英汉表达定语从句翻译
Abstract: English and the national language of thinking has a great deal of difference, which caused on the expression of different. As English attributive forms one of the important means of expression, its diverse, flexible, position in the translation should not be overlooked. I discussed this on the translation method, through which, predicates, and side-by-side, and the language of, linked and adverbials as we provide the translation skills of attributive clauses to simplify both retain the expression used in Chinese, but also balance the aesthetic of the art of translation.
Keywords: expressions in English and Chinese translation of attributive clause
[中图分类号] G71[文献标识码]B [文章编号]
英语中的定语从句一般为右开放型,可以向右无限扩展。它们可分为两大类:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,两者的主要区别即在于对所修饰名词有无限制意义。下面我们通过实例对这两类定语从句的译法做一个探讨:
将定语从句做前置定语化处理
译成“……的”结构的定语短语,放在名词前面起修饰作用,从而体现正宗的汉语表达习惯。
如:1)I saw something in the paper which might interest you.
我在报纸上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。
2)Would anyone who saw the accident please get touch with the police?
请目击这一事故的人与警方联系。
以上句子为限定性定语从句,修饰的限定性较强,与汉语中的定语成分相对应,,放于名词前面并不会造成臃肿累赘。
非限定性定语从句也可以使用这种方法,但远不如限定性定语从句普遍。
如:1)The American businessman , who had long been interested in Chinese products , was invited to visit a development zone in east china.早就对中国产品感兴趣的那个美国商人, 应邀参观了华东地区的一个开发区。
2)He liked his sister,who was warm and pleasant,but he did not like his brother,who was aloof and arrogant.
他喜欢热情洋溢的妹妹,不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。
将定语从句做谓语化处理
尤其当定语从句是存在句,即“there be结构”和它的变体结构时,定语从句的谓语在意义上也是整個主句的谓语,因此在英译汉时可将其译为主谓结构的简单句。
如: 1)There are some countries in the world where there is little rain at any time.世界上有些国家终年少雨。 2)There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and the ability to be magnetized.
某些金属既能导电,又能被磁化。
以上两个句子都是“there be”句型,由于主句动词不表示行为,汉译时往往可以省略,主句和定语从句合译成简单句,定语从句作为单句中的谓语。
除此之外,一些结构复杂的句子拥有一个本身较简单或可以压缩为较简单的主句,而把重心放于定语从句上,也可以采取这种方法。
如:1)We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.
我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有国籍的某些标志。
3)My plan , which I have used many times , is verysimple.
我的方案, 已经用过很多次, 很简单。
将定语从句做后置并列分句处理
以上两种方法对于比较简单的英语定语从句翻译很实用。如果从句结构复杂,译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语习惯时,往往可以译成后置并列分句。此时非限定性定语从句也多因结构复杂用此方法。
1.1、先行词需要重复。由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分,如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话,常常需要重复先行词,还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。
如:They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
本例译文中用代词“这”引导独立的小分句,这时的“这”字句往往不单单指代先行词,还可能指代之前的整个句子。
如:The process of combining with oxygen is oxidation,of which burning is one type.
与氧结合的过程就是氧化,燃烧就是这其中的一种。
1.2、先行词可以省略。如果把定语从句翻译在先行词后面,在“通顺、完整”的前提下,有时候可以省略先行词。
如: They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.
他们制定出一种新方案,采用之后生产已迅速得到提高。
将定语从句做兼语化处理
当先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,即先行词在逻辑上与定语从句中的动词构成主谓或动宾关系时,就可采用此方法使两个分句融为一体。
如:1)I need someone who can instruct me in my English study. 我需要一个人来指导我学习英语。
2)When I passed by, I saw a man who was quarreling with his wife. 当我经过时,我看到一个人和他的妻子在吵架。
将定语从句做连动化处理
为了行文方便,有时候在英译汉时就需要把主句、从句中的动词连起来一起翻译,从而使句子显得连贯,符合汉语的表达习惯。
如:1) We will send the boy to Britain, where he can receive better education. 我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接受更好的教育。
2) He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket, which he began to drink slowly. 他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来、
将定语从句状语化处理
有些定语从句与主句之间有着紧密的逻辑关系,在全句中起状语作用:表明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。这种情况下,需要搞清逻辑关系,灵活处理,有时可以译成相应的状语从句。
如:1)The computer , which seems to play the role of a human brain , is often called an electric brain. 由于计算机起着类似人脑的作用, 所以常常被称作电脑。(表原因,关系代词相当于for或as+主语 )
2)She took Chinese medicine which relieved her symptom. 她服了中药, 结果缓解了症状。(表结果,关系代词相当于so that+主語)
3)We have to oil the moving parts of the machine,the friction of which may thus be greatly reduced.
我们必须给机器的运动部件加润滑剂,以使摩擦大大减少。(表目的,关系代词相当于不定式短语或者in order to结构)
4)He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for
尽管他并没有这样的需要,他坚持要再买一幢房子。(表让步,关系代词相当于though、 although)
5)Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.
如果认为理性知识不必由感性知识得来,那他就是一个唯心主义者。(表假设,关系代词相当于if)
7、结束语
英语形式的缜密与汉语逻辑的鲜明共同造成翻译的困难,使得我们不能只从语法关系上把握源出语,更要从功能上把握它。在翻译定语从句时,应当能够从定语结构的形式上解放出来,用灵活多样的表达方式译成地道的目的语:中文。既达到原文与译文最大程度上的对等,同时尽可能地获得翻译艺术的美感。
参考文献:
1. 英汉互动翻译教程(修订本) 李明 编著 武汉大学出版社 P177-178
2.张道真英语语法 张道真 编著 商务印书馆 P565-P567