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摘要:语法是英语的核心,而英语五种基本句型是英语语法的核心。本论文分析了英语的五种基本句型SVCs,SV,SVO,SVOiOd,SVOCo的特征及其用法,并且指出英语中不管多复杂的句子都可以简化成这五种基本句型,这对语法研究和学习具有重要的意义。
关键词:句型;语法;英语;简化
英语的用法说到底主要是动词的用法。英语中的动词含义特别丰富,变化最多,搭配能力最强。众所周知,要想学好英语必须下功夫而无捷径可走,但学习方法的得当与否却会使学习效果迥然不同。前人的无数经验已经证明,在浩如烟海的英语词汇中把1500个最常用的动词学深、学透、学活,是学会用英语会话、造句和作文的关键。正因为如此,荷恩比先生在他的《牛津高阶英语词典》中,花大力气引入了英语动词句型分类法,这再一次证明了英语基本句型的重要性。英语中有五种基本句型(Basic Sentence Pattern),这五种句型与动词种类密切相联,所以也叫做动词句型(Verb Pattern)。这五种句型是:
句型(一):S VCs
Unity is power.
句型(二):S V
History advances.
句型(三):S V O
People make history.
句型(四):SVOiOd
He sent her a telegram.
句型(五):SVOCo
We call her Marry.(陆锦林,1990:472)
一、句型:S V Cs
该句型中的动词是连系动词,最常用的连系动词是be。能担任主语补语Cs的有名词短语(包括名词、代词、数词等)、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语、非限定动词短语以及分句等。例如:That’s a good idea.The pleasure is mine.You are impossible.He was down in two subjects.This book is beyond me.The proof of pudding is in the eating.The cup is cracked.The film is boring.This is just what I need.
除be外,还有一些较常用的连系动词。这些连系动词可以分为两类。一类和be类似,表示主语所处的一种状态,其中包括:seem,appear,remain,stay,keep,continue,feel,look,sound,taste,smell,ring,lie,rest stand,hold,prove等。例如:He tried hard to appear calm.Doesn’t that seem weird to you? We remained friends.It was hard to stay awake.The weather will continue fine.I’m feeling a little better today.The future is looking good.Istanbul sounds really exciting.The soup tastes/smells nice.The mistake rests uncorrected.Twenty years on,his advice still holds good.The recent revelations may prove embarrassing to the President.
二、句型:SV
该句型中的动词是不及物动词,所以既没有宾语也没有补语。不过该句型可有状语。大多数不及物动词的状语可有可无。如:He went(south).但是,live和lie后一定要接状语:He lives downstairs.You lie on your back/side/front.
这种句型有时后接由名词短语担任的状语。通常出现在表示位置移动的动词后面,如:advance,come,drive,fall,go,rise,run,travel walk等,此外还有cost,measure,weigh等。如:Computer technology has come a long way since the 1970s.The river has risen several meters.He weighs 60 kilograms.They travelled 200 miles on the first day.Tickets cost ten dollars each.语法学家将上述这类句子看成SVO型,即将名词短语看成是宾语而不是状语,尤其在动词travel,cost等后面。从语义上看,该句型中主语与谓语的关系一般是主语是谓语动作的执行者。如:Then a difficult problem arose.但有些句子形式上是主动的,意义上是被动的。如:She photographs well.
该句型有一变异形式,即,A(状语)+ V + S(NP)。如:Here comes the bus.当主语是代词时词序为:A + S(Pron.)+V。如:There you go again.
三、句型:SVO
该句型的动词是单及物动词。动词谓语的状语通常可有可无。如:He hit the ball(hard).但是,动词put,place,stand,lay,set后的状语是必不可少的。He puts the coffee on the table.She stood the ladder against the wall.He laid his hand on my shoulder.He set the pot on the fire. 该句型中的宾语可以由名词短语、非限定动词或分句担任。从语义上看,宾语与动词谓语的关系可分为以下几种:1.宾语表示受事。如:John has broken his leg.They have beaten back the enemy.2.宾语表示地点。如:He walked the street,swinging a cane.3.宾语表示结果。如:He wrote a novel every year.从例句中可以看出,宾语都是谓语动词的动作所产生的结果,没有谓语动词的动作,就不可能有宾语中表示的事物。4.同源宾语(Cognate Object)。在一定程度上可以将同源宾语看做是表示结果的宾语的一种。因为同源宾语也是谓语动词所产生的某种结果,所不同的是这种结果往往用与谓语动词同源的名词表达。例如:He dreamt a sweet dream.She is singing a love song.He laughed a hearty laugh.He died a heroic death.
四、句型:SVOiOd
在该句型中,间接宾语通常是表示人的代词或名词,但有时也可用表示物的代词或名词。间接宾语一般表示谓语动词动作的对象,即动作对谁或什么东西做的。间接宾语一般可以省略,这并不影响其他成分之间的语义关系。因此,如果只出现一个宾语,这个宾语一般是直接宾语。但是有几个双及物动词可以保留间接宾语而省略直接宾语。在这种情况下,唯一出现的宾语就是间接宾语。这主要发生在动词allow,ask,forgive,grant,pay,promise,send,show,teach,telephone,tell,write等后面。例如:Bob is teaching the older children.You can pay me instead.(夸克,1989:997)
该句型中间接宾语在语义上相当于一个介词短语。最常用的介词是to或for。在accord,allow,assign,cause,deny,give,grant,hand,lend,offer,pay,play,promise,read,recommend,refuse,send,serve,show,take,teach,telephone,tell throw,wish,write等后面用to。例如:The children proudly showed me their presents.→The children proudly showed their presents to me.在bring,buy,call,choose,do,find,fix,get keep,leave,make,order,save,spare等后面用for。例如:Will you do me a favor? →Will you do a favor for me? 此外,ask后面用of。例如:You have no right to ask me anything.→You have no right to ask anything of me.介词短语结构尤其用在间接宾语较长的句子中。如:We should reserve some food for the other members of the party.
五、句型:SVOCo
该句型中的动词是复杂动词。宾语补语可以由下面几种短语担任:
1.名词短语。后接名词短语作宾语补语的动词有:name,call nominate,christen,baptize,label elect,make,crown,consider,know,regard;find,declare,leave,pronounce,proclaim,vote等。例如:They elected him President.
2.形容词短语。后接形容词短语作宾语补语的动词有:have,find,want hold,wish,get,keep,leave,make,open,like,render,turn,wish,consider,regard,think,set,let paint,believe等。例如:Make sure you have the car ready by tomorrow.
3.非限定动词。可分为以下三种情况:
A.后接不定式作宾语补语的常见动词有:advise,allow,ask,beg,challenge,command,compel,dare,direct,enable,encourage,expect forbid,force,get,have,hear,help,instruct,intend,invite,let,like,make,notice,order,permit,persuade,prefer,recommend,remind,request,require,see,teach,tell,train,trouble,urge,want,watch,wish等。如:That man wants a woman to look after him.We ask him to come again.动词le,t make,see,hear,let等后用不带的不定式。动词consider,think,prove,find,declare,know,acknowledge,believe,feel discover,judge,report suppose等后可接不定式to be。动词believe,consider,think,prove,find,declare后的to be可省略:I believe her(to be)right.This evidence proved him(to be)innocent. B.后接-ing分词作宾语补语的常见动词有:catch,discover,feel get have,hear,keep,listen to,notice,observe,see,set,smell,start,stop,want,watch等。如:I felt my cheeks burning.His Words set me thinking.
C.后接-ed分词作宾语补语的常见动词有:have,feel,get,hear,keep,make,see,like,find,prefer,want等。如:He made his influence felt.
4.介词短语。动词find,regard,judge等后可接介词短语作宾补。如:I judge them both beyond repair.
5.分句。宾语补语也可由分句担任。如:It is reform that has made our country what is today.
以上分析了英语的五种基本句型SVCs,SV,SVO,SVOiOd,SVOCo的特征及其用法。若能掌握好这些基本句型,英语中的再复杂的句子也可简化。复杂句和并列句可分解成简单句。此外,我们可以把许多词看成一个词,把许多不同东西看作同类东西,从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把I know that he does not like to live in this country.中的十个斜体词和I know John.中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西,因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。这样,不管多复杂的句子都可用这五种基本句型简化,而简化是语法的目的(张道真,1998:32)。
参考文献:
[1]陆锦林,《高级现代英语语法》[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1990。
[2]伦道夫·夸克,《朗文当代高级英语词典》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002。
[3]伦道夫·夸克,《英语语法大全》[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1989。
[4]张道真,《英语语法大全》[M].北京;外语教学与研究出版社,1998。
[5]章振邦,《新编英语语法教程》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社,1995。
关键词:句型;语法;英语;简化
英语的用法说到底主要是动词的用法。英语中的动词含义特别丰富,变化最多,搭配能力最强。众所周知,要想学好英语必须下功夫而无捷径可走,但学习方法的得当与否却会使学习效果迥然不同。前人的无数经验已经证明,在浩如烟海的英语词汇中把1500个最常用的动词学深、学透、学活,是学会用英语会话、造句和作文的关键。正因为如此,荷恩比先生在他的《牛津高阶英语词典》中,花大力气引入了英语动词句型分类法,这再一次证明了英语基本句型的重要性。英语中有五种基本句型(Basic Sentence Pattern),这五种句型与动词种类密切相联,所以也叫做动词句型(Verb Pattern)。这五种句型是:
句型(一):S VCs
Unity is power.
句型(二):S V
History advances.
句型(三):S V O
People make history.
句型(四):SVOiOd
He sent her a telegram.
句型(五):SVOCo
We call her Marry.(陆锦林,1990:472)
一、句型:S V Cs
该句型中的动词是连系动词,最常用的连系动词是be。能担任主语补语Cs的有名词短语(包括名词、代词、数词等)、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语、非限定动词短语以及分句等。例如:That’s a good idea.The pleasure is mine.You are impossible.He was down in two subjects.This book is beyond me.The proof of pudding is in the eating.The cup is cracked.The film is boring.This is just what I need.
除be外,还有一些较常用的连系动词。这些连系动词可以分为两类。一类和be类似,表示主语所处的一种状态,其中包括:seem,appear,remain,stay,keep,continue,feel,look,sound,taste,smell,ring,lie,rest stand,hold,prove等。例如:He tried hard to appear calm.Doesn’t that seem weird to you? We remained friends.It was hard to stay awake.The weather will continue fine.I’m feeling a little better today.The future is looking good.Istanbul sounds really exciting.The soup tastes/smells nice.The mistake rests uncorrected.Twenty years on,his advice still holds good.The recent revelations may prove embarrassing to the President.
二、句型:SV
该句型中的动词是不及物动词,所以既没有宾语也没有补语。不过该句型可有状语。大多数不及物动词的状语可有可无。如:He went(south).但是,live和lie后一定要接状语:He lives downstairs.You lie on your back/side/front.
这种句型有时后接由名词短语担任的状语。通常出现在表示位置移动的动词后面,如:advance,come,drive,fall,go,rise,run,travel walk等,此外还有cost,measure,weigh等。如:Computer technology has come a long way since the 1970s.The river has risen several meters.He weighs 60 kilograms.They travelled 200 miles on the first day.Tickets cost ten dollars each.语法学家将上述这类句子看成SVO型,即将名词短语看成是宾语而不是状语,尤其在动词travel,cost等后面。从语义上看,该句型中主语与谓语的关系一般是主语是谓语动作的执行者。如:Then a difficult problem arose.但有些句子形式上是主动的,意义上是被动的。如:She photographs well.
该句型有一变异形式,即,A(状语)+ V + S(NP)。如:Here comes the bus.当主语是代词时词序为:A + S(Pron.)+V。如:There you go again.
三、句型:SVO
该句型的动词是单及物动词。动词谓语的状语通常可有可无。如:He hit the ball(hard).但是,动词put,place,stand,lay,set后的状语是必不可少的。He puts the coffee on the table.She stood the ladder against the wall.He laid his hand on my shoulder.He set the pot on the fire. 该句型中的宾语可以由名词短语、非限定动词或分句担任。从语义上看,宾语与动词谓语的关系可分为以下几种:1.宾语表示受事。如:John has broken his leg.They have beaten back the enemy.2.宾语表示地点。如:He walked the street,swinging a cane.3.宾语表示结果。如:He wrote a novel every year.从例句中可以看出,宾语都是谓语动词的动作所产生的结果,没有谓语动词的动作,就不可能有宾语中表示的事物。4.同源宾语(Cognate Object)。在一定程度上可以将同源宾语看做是表示结果的宾语的一种。因为同源宾语也是谓语动词所产生的某种结果,所不同的是这种结果往往用与谓语动词同源的名词表达。例如:He dreamt a sweet dream.She is singing a love song.He laughed a hearty laugh.He died a heroic death.
四、句型:SVOiOd
在该句型中,间接宾语通常是表示人的代词或名词,但有时也可用表示物的代词或名词。间接宾语一般表示谓语动词动作的对象,即动作对谁或什么东西做的。间接宾语一般可以省略,这并不影响其他成分之间的语义关系。因此,如果只出现一个宾语,这个宾语一般是直接宾语。但是有几个双及物动词可以保留间接宾语而省略直接宾语。在这种情况下,唯一出现的宾语就是间接宾语。这主要发生在动词allow,ask,forgive,grant,pay,promise,send,show,teach,telephone,tell,write等后面。例如:Bob is teaching the older children.You can pay me instead.(夸克,1989:997)
该句型中间接宾语在语义上相当于一个介词短语。最常用的介词是to或for。在accord,allow,assign,cause,deny,give,grant,hand,lend,offer,pay,play,promise,read,recommend,refuse,send,serve,show,take,teach,telephone,tell throw,wish,write等后面用to。例如:The children proudly showed me their presents.→The children proudly showed their presents to me.在bring,buy,call,choose,do,find,fix,get keep,leave,make,order,save,spare等后面用for。例如:Will you do me a favor? →Will you do a favor for me? 此外,ask后面用of。例如:You have no right to ask me anything.→You have no right to ask anything of me.介词短语结构尤其用在间接宾语较长的句子中。如:We should reserve some food for the other members of the party.
五、句型:SVOCo
该句型中的动词是复杂动词。宾语补语可以由下面几种短语担任:
1.名词短语。后接名词短语作宾语补语的动词有:name,call nominate,christen,baptize,label elect,make,crown,consider,know,regard;find,declare,leave,pronounce,proclaim,vote等。例如:They elected him President.
2.形容词短语。后接形容词短语作宾语补语的动词有:have,find,want hold,wish,get,keep,leave,make,open,like,render,turn,wish,consider,regard,think,set,let paint,believe等。例如:Make sure you have the car ready by tomorrow.
3.非限定动词。可分为以下三种情况:
A.后接不定式作宾语补语的常见动词有:advise,allow,ask,beg,challenge,command,compel,dare,direct,enable,encourage,expect forbid,force,get,have,hear,help,instruct,intend,invite,let,like,make,notice,order,permit,persuade,prefer,recommend,remind,request,require,see,teach,tell,train,trouble,urge,want,watch,wish等。如:That man wants a woman to look after him.We ask him to come again.动词le,t make,see,hear,let等后用不带的不定式。动词consider,think,prove,find,declare,know,acknowledge,believe,feel discover,judge,report suppose等后可接不定式to be。动词believe,consider,think,prove,find,declare后的to be可省略:I believe her(to be)right.This evidence proved him(to be)innocent. B.后接-ing分词作宾语补语的常见动词有:catch,discover,feel get have,hear,keep,listen to,notice,observe,see,set,smell,start,stop,want,watch等。如:I felt my cheeks burning.His Words set me thinking.
C.后接-ed分词作宾语补语的常见动词有:have,feel,get,hear,keep,make,see,like,find,prefer,want等。如:He made his influence felt.
4.介词短语。动词find,regard,judge等后可接介词短语作宾补。如:I judge them both beyond repair.
5.分句。宾语补语也可由分句担任。如:It is reform that has made our country what is today.
以上分析了英语的五种基本句型SVCs,SV,SVO,SVOiOd,SVOCo的特征及其用法。若能掌握好这些基本句型,英语中的再复杂的句子也可简化。复杂句和并列句可分解成简单句。此外,我们可以把许多词看成一个词,把许多不同东西看作同类东西,从而使句子的结构变得简单化。例如我们可以把I know that he does not like to live in this country.中的十个斜体词和I know John.中的一个斜体词看作是有同一语法作用的东西,因为两者都是及物动词的宾语。这样,不管多复杂的句子都可用这五种基本句型简化,而简化是语法的目的(张道真,1998:32)。
参考文献:
[1]陆锦林,《高级现代英语语法》[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1990。
[2]伦道夫·夸克,《朗文当代高级英语词典》[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002。
[3]伦道夫·夸克,《英语语法大全》[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1989。
[4]张道真,《英语语法大全》[M].北京;外语教学与研究出版社,1998。
[5]章振邦,《新编英语语法教程》[M]。上海:上海外语教育出版社,1995。