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实验结果拟合得到的规律即唯象理论,它们的例外总是容易找到的。可是,为什么唯象理论中唯独热力学几乎找不到例外呢?显然,要从理论的“基础”来考察,理论的“基础”通常指理论是否具有公理化的形式体系。具有公理结构的理论就几乎不可能找到例外。100年多前物理学通过演绎法摆脱了“Russell鸡”单一归纳的逻辑,现在应该是将化学建立在完整逻辑(即归纳加演绎的逻辑)基础上的时候了。本文介绍热力学的公理结构,以此提醒理论或概念的“基础”是很重要的,以实验现象的归纳为唯一依据得到的唯象理论很有可能最后被发现是建立在沙滩上的。
The law of fitting experimental results that is phenomenological theory, their exceptions are always easy to find. However, why is it that there is almost no exception in the thermodynamics of phenomenology alone? Obviously, from the “basis” of the theory, the “basis” of the theory usually refers to whether the theory has an axiomatic formal system. There is almost no possibility of finding an axiomatic theory. More than 100 years ago, physics deduced from the logic of “Russell Chicken” by deductive method and should now be based on the chemistry of complete logic (ie, the logic of induction and deduction). This paper introduces the axiom structure of thermodynamics to remind the “basis” of theory or concept. It is very important that the phenomenological theory based on the induction of experimental phenomena is likely to be finally found on the beach.