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解读《论语》,会明显地发现孔子把人的属性分为内在品质和外在表象两个方面,他看重前者而漠视后者,提出“患立不患位”的价值取向。孔子一方面要求人们确立正直的心性,塑造出“匹夫不可夺志”的内在刚强;另一方面也要求人们确立“无可无不可”的生活态度,以可进可退、与时相宜的方式去处世。孔子由此设定了一种内方外圆、外柔内刚的理想人格,创导了“和而不同”的人生哲学,这对民族性格的塑造有着深远的影响。
Interpreting the Analects of Confucius clearly reveals that Confucius divided the attributes of man into two aspects: inner quality and outward appearance. He values the former but ignores the latter and puts forward the value orientation of “having one’s position without suffering from one’s position.” On the one hand, Confucius urges people to establish the integrity of their heart and shape the inherent strength of “being a man of every age”; on the other hand, it also requires people to establish an attitude of “all-pervading” When the appropriate way to life. Therefore, Confucius set an ideal personality inside the outer circle and outer circle, guiding the life philosophy of “harmony but differentness”, which has a far-reaching impact on shaping national character.