元代昏钞倒换及烧钞制度概述罗仁忠元朝是纸币盛行的时期，为保证纸钞的通行无阻，元朝制订出比较完善的行钞法，并设立有＂钞都提举司＂负责纸钞的印制、发行和调拨；设立＂回易库＂负责昏钞（钞之破旧者）的倒换；＂烧钞库＂负责烧毁倒换回的昏钞。元朝制钞主要用桑皮纸。《马可·波罗游记》中载，桑皮纸的制作，是将桑树皮剥下，取出桑树粗皮与木质间的一层极薄内皮，将之浸泡水中倒入臼中，捣烂成浆，铺开加压阴干后即成纸。此种纸张纤维细，印刷效果好，但限于当时技术条件，其韧度无法与现代制钞纸相比。流通过程中，反复折叠及摩擦，很易破损为昏钞。另外，由于元代用钞量大，特别是后期钞法大乱，滥印钞券，桑皮纸来源不足，只好采用榆树皮制作的纸张制钞，这种榆树皮纸的韧度就更差了，使用稍久即脱浆变软，极易损毁，而且榆树皮汁煮熟后泛黑色，导致钞纸似墨渍污染，印刷不清。故而元代流通的纸币中，有较多破残难用的昏钞存在，考古工作者曾在内蒙古额济纳旗黑城民居、官署、寺庙及店铺的房基下，发现约１４４张元钞，其中昏钞数量占绝大多数①。而在民间，＂诸行买卖人等将元宝交钞，贯伯分明，微有破损，不肯接使＂②。为此，除张榜晓谕、令行通用外，为解决涩滞纸钞流通的昏钞问题，中书 Yuan dynasty Dianchao switch and burn the cash system overview Luo Renzhong Yuan Dynasty is a period of banknotes prevailing, in order to ensure unhindered banknotes, the Yuan Dynasty to develop a more comprehensive method of banknotes, and the establishment of a “banknotes are lifting Division” is responsible for banknotes Of the printing, distribution and allocation; the establishment of “back to the library” is responsible for the dusk (the old ones) switching; “burning bank” is responsible for burning the swap back to the banknote. Yuan Dynasty banknote mainly used mulberry paper. “Marco Polo Travels” contained in the production of mulberry paper, mulberry bark is peeled off, remove the mulberry bark and wood between the layer of very thin layer of leather, the soaked in water into the mortar, smashed into pulp, shop Open the pressure into the paper after drying. This paper fiber fine, good printing effect, but limited to the technical conditions at the time, its toughness can not be compared with the modern banknote paper. Circulation process, repeated folding and friction, it is easy to break into banknote. In addition, due to the large amount of Yuan Dai, especially the late chaos chaos, overprint banknotes, mulberry paper lack of sources, had to use paper made of elm bark paper money, the elm bark paper toughness even worse, the use of slightly For a long time that pulp softened, easily damaged, and pan-thicked elm bark juice, resulting in notes like ink stains, printing unclear. Therefore, there are more banknotes in circulation in the Yuan Dynasty. Archaeologists found about 144 banknotes in the base of houses, government offices, temples and shops in Ejin Banner, Inner Mongolia. Among them, Dumb number accounted for the vast majority ①. In the private sector, “all trades and marketers will hand over the gold ingot, clear and consistent, slightly damaged, refused to accept” ②. To this end, in addition to the list of instructions, to make universal, in order to solve the problem of shivering notes astringent banknotes circulation, Zhong Shu