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建国后,兴建各类水库8.4万余座,其中大型水库369座,中型水库2538座,小型水库8.1万余座。总库容4680余亿m~3,96%以上是土石坝。这些工程在防洪、发电、灌溉、城镇供水和水产养殖等方面都发挥了巨大效益。但在“大跃进”年代和“文革”动乱期间兴建的一些水库,由于缺乏科学态度,工程防洪标准低,施工质量差,再加上管理不当,成为险库。其中,大型水库约占20%,中型水库约占30%,小型水库约占40%。这些水库直接关系到广大人民生命财产的安全和国民经济的发展,需要及早除险加固。1975年8月河南省遭遇特大洪水,板桥和石漫滩两座大型水库失事后,引起各级领导的重视,全国险库加固处理有了较快进展。据初步统计,自1976年至1985年完成大型水库除险加固的65座。1985年以后,列入全国重点险库43座,到1993年底,已加固完成32座,其他11座水库正在加固中。第二批列为全国重点险库38座,1992年6月确定以来,已有24座动工加固,有10座初步设计已审批或待审批,还有4座至今仍未进行初设。与此同时,也完成了大量的中小型水库的除险加固,成绩很大。在这些险坝防渗加固措施中,在科研单位、大专院校、设计、施工和管理单位的相互配合下,积累了丰富的经验。特别是十一届三中全会以来,以经济建设为中心,在改革开放的推动下,又有了一些新的进展。现就险坝防渗加固措施,分别加以简介,以供读者参考。
After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, more than 84,000 reservoirs of various types were built, including 369 large reservoirs, 2538 medium-sized reservoirs and 81,000 small reservoirs. The total storage capacity of 4680 billion m ~ 3,96% above earth dam. These projects have exerted tremendous benefits in flood control, power generation, irrigation, urban water supply and aquaculture. However, some reservoirs built during the turmoil of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution have become vaults due to lack of scientific attitude, low flood control standards, poor construction quality and improper management. Among them, large reservoirs account for about 20%, medium reservoirs account for about 30% and small reservoirs account for about 40%. These reservoirs are directly related to the safety of the lives and property of the broad masses of people and the development of the national economy and need to be eliminated and strengthened as soon as possible. In August 1975, a serious flood hit Henan Province. After the two major reservoirs in Banqiao and Shihumont collapsed, the leaders at all levels paid great attention to them and the national treasury strengthened and made rapid progress. According to preliminary statistics, 65 large-scale reservoir reinforcement projects were completed between 1976 and 1985. Since 1985, it has been listed in 43 key national key vaults and by the end of 1993, 32 have been reinforced and 11 other reservoirs are being strengthened. The second batch of 38 major national key vaults, since its establishment in June 1992, has been started and reinforced 24, 10 preliminary design has been approved or pending approval, there are four have not yet been initial set up. At the same time, a large number of small and medium-sized reservoirs have also been completed to reinforce their fortifications and have achieved great success. In these anti-seepage reinforcement measures of dam, with the cooperation of research institutes, universities, design, construction and management units, has accumulated rich experience. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in particular, taking economic construction as the center, we have made some new progress under the impetus of reform and opening up. Anti-seepage reinforcement measures are now Danba, respectively, to be briefed for readers reference.