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定语从句作为高中英语人教版必修一的重要语法项目，是新进高中学生所要面对的重要难题之一。尤其是定语从句关系词的选择方面，学生更是错误百出。本文通过错题解析的方式分析定语从句中关系词方面学生常出现的错误。
一、几组关系词的误用比较
1.that和what
误 We？蒺ll reach the sales targets in a month what we set at the beginning of the year.
解析 定语从句的引导词中是没有what的，what在名词性从句中作主语或宾语，而在定语从句中作主语或宾语的关系代词可用that或which。比较下面两个例子：
①He told me all that he knows.（that引导的定语从句修饰先行词all）
② He told me what he knows.（what引导的宾语从句）
正 We？蒺ll reach the sales targets in a month（that）we set at the beginning of the year.
2. that和which
①误 Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position.
解析 当先行词被不定代词、形容词最高级或序数词等修饰且引导词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，只能用that引导定语从句。
正 Please send us all the information（that）you have about the candidate for the position.
②误 Care of the soul is a gradual process in that even the small details of life should be considered.
解析 分析句子结构可以看到，a gradual process后为“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，当先行词为物时，此时的引导词只能是which。
正 Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.
③误 China Today attracts a worldwide readership，that shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
解析 逗号之后的句子是一个非限制性定语从句且引导词在该定语从句中作主语，故应该用which引导。
正 China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
3.that/which和who
误 Happiness and success often come to those that are good at recognizing their own strengths.
解析 当those代指人作先行词时，定语从句的引导词用who。类似的词还有one（s），he，不能用that，更不能用which（指找物）。另外，如果在非限制性定语从句中，即使代指人时也不能用that。
正 Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.
4.who和whom
误 We saw several natives advancing towards our party，and one of them came up to us，to who we gave some bells and glasses.
解析 分析句子结构可知，第二个逗号后的部分应为“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词为one of them（人）。当先行词为人时，在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能选择whom。
正 We saw several natives advancing towards our party，and one of them came up to us，to whom we gave some bells and glasses.
5.as和which/that
① 误 The number of smokers，which is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
解析 as和which均可引导非限制性定语从句。as引导非限制性定语从句，位置非常灵活，可位于主句前、主句后，也可位于主句中间。which引导非限制性定语从句时位于主句之后。且as意为“正如或正像……”，which无实际意义。故根据本句意及结构，要用as引导中间的定语从句。
正 The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. ②误 He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with.
解析 分析本句句子结构可以看出，如果把该从句当作状语从句（such...that...结构），从句缺少宾语；如果把该从句当作定语从句，引导词错误，因为先行词被such修饰时，要用as引导定语从句。
正 He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with him.
或He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.
二、关系代词与人称代词的误用
误 He wrote many children？蒺s books，nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.
解析 逗号后无连词，如果前后句是并列句应该加并列连词；如果前后句是主从复合句，根据句意及结构可判断应该为非限制性定语从句，关系词代指children？蒺s books，位于介词of之后故应该用which。
正 He wrote many children？蒺s books，and nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.
或He wrote many children？蒺s books，and nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.
【技巧拓展】 选择关系代词还是人称代词，主要看前后句是并列句还是主从复合句，如果已有并列连词，填人称代词；如果没有，则判断为非限制性定语从句，选择适当的定语从句引导词。
三、关系代词与关系副词的误用
①误 Students should involve themselves in community activities which they can gain experience for growth.
解析 定语从句引导词的判断不能简单只看先行词类型，还要关注其在定语从句中所做的成分。该句中尽管先行词为community activities（物），但从定语从句的结构分析可知，引导词在定语从句作地点状语，故要用where引导该定语从句。
正 Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
②误 That evening，when I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.
解析 此句中尽管先行词为指时间的“That evening”，但我们不能用when引导后面的定语从句，原因是在这个非限制性定语从句中缺的是介词about的宾语。故应该用which引导该非限制性定语从句。
正 That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.
【技巧拓展】 关系代词或关系副词的选择有两个原则：一是看先行词是人还是物；二是看关系词代替先行词在从句中作什么成分。若关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语，则选择关系代词引导定语从句；若在从句中作状语，则选择关系副词引导定语从句。例如：
We？蒺ll remember those days that/which we spent together.（作宾语）
We？蒺ll remember those days when we played by the sea.（作状语）
四、关系词的漏用
误 The student is standing there is our monitor.
解析 在定语从句中，当先行词在定语从句中作主语时，关系代词不能省略。
正 The student who/that is standing there is our monitor.
对于定语从句关系词的选择，大家在正确分析句子结构的基础上，要从三个方面考虑：一是正确判定先行词类别。人、物、时间、地点、原因中的哪一种。二是要看关系词代替先行词在定语从句中所做的成分。三是要看定语从句类型——限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。以上三方面全考虑到，大家才能够正确选择定语从句的关系词。
【实战演练】
改错：
1.My mother was so proud of all what I had done that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.
2.I refuse to accept the blame for something which was someone else？蒺s fault.
3.The old temple which roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.
4.The newly built cafe，the walls of it are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，specially after hard work.
5.When I arrived，Bryan took me to see the house which I would be staying.
6.We have launched another man-made satellite，that is announced in today？蒺s newspaper.
7.We live in an age that more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
8.Sales director is a position in that communication ability is just as important as sales.
参考答案：
1.what→ that或删除what 2.which→that 3.which→whose 4.it→which 5.which→where 6.that→which 7.that→when 8.that→which？荨
一、几组关系词的误用比较
1.that和what
误 We？蒺ll reach the sales targets in a month what we set at the beginning of the year.
解析 定语从句的引导词中是没有what的，what在名词性从句中作主语或宾语，而在定语从句中作主语或宾语的关系代词可用that或which。比较下面两个例子：
①He told me all that he knows.（that引导的定语从句修饰先行词all）
② He told me what he knows.（what引导的宾语从句）
正 We？蒺ll reach the sales targets in a month（that）we set at the beginning of the year.
2. that和which
①误 Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position.
解析 当先行词被不定代词、形容词最高级或序数词等修饰且引导词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，只能用that引导定语从句。
正 Please send us all the information（that）you have about the candidate for the position.
②误 Care of the soul is a gradual process in that even the small details of life should be considered.
解析 分析句子结构可以看到，a gradual process后为“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，当先行词为物时，此时的引导词只能是which。
正 Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.
③误 China Today attracts a worldwide readership，that shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
解析 逗号之后的句子是一个非限制性定语从句且引导词在该定语从句中作主语，故应该用which引导。
正 China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.
3.that/which和who
误 Happiness and success often come to those that are good at recognizing their own strengths.
解析 当those代指人作先行词时，定语从句的引导词用who。类似的词还有one（s），he，不能用that，更不能用which（指找物）。另外，如果在非限制性定语从句中，即使代指人时也不能用that。
正 Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.
4.who和whom
误 We saw several natives advancing towards our party，and one of them came up to us，to who we gave some bells and glasses.
解析 分析句子结构可知，第二个逗号后的部分应为“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词为one of them（人）。当先行词为人时，在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，关系代词只能选择whom。
正 We saw several natives advancing towards our party，and one of them came up to us，to whom we gave some bells and glasses.
5.as和which/that
① 误 The number of smokers，which is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
解析 as和which均可引导非限制性定语从句。as引导非限制性定语从句，位置非常灵活，可位于主句前、主句后，也可位于主句中间。which引导非限制性定语从句时位于主句之后。且as意为“正如或正像……”，which无实际意义。故根据本句意及结构，要用as引导中间的定语从句。
正 The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. ②误 He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with.
解析 分析本句句子结构可以看出，如果把该从句当作状语从句（such...that...结构），从句缺少宾语；如果把该从句当作定语从句，引导词错误，因为先行词被such修饰时，要用as引导定语从句。
正 He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with him.
或He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.
二、关系代词与人称代词的误用
误 He wrote many children？蒺s books，nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.
解析 逗号后无连词，如果前后句是并列句应该加并列连词；如果前后句是主从复合句，根据句意及结构可判断应该为非限制性定语从句，关系词代指children？蒺s books，位于介词of之后故应该用which。
正 He wrote many children？蒺s books，and nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.
或He wrote many children？蒺s books，and nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.
【技巧拓展】 选择关系代词还是人称代词，主要看前后句是并列句还是主从复合句，如果已有并列连词，填人称代词；如果没有，则判断为非限制性定语从句，选择适当的定语从句引导词。
三、关系代词与关系副词的误用
①误 Students should involve themselves in community activities which they can gain experience for growth.
解析 定语从句引导词的判断不能简单只看先行词类型，还要关注其在定语从句中所做的成分。该句中尽管先行词为community activities（物），但从定语从句的结构分析可知，引导词在定语从句作地点状语，故要用where引导该定语从句。
正 Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
②误 That evening，when I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.
解析 此句中尽管先行词为指时间的“That evening”，但我们不能用when引导后面的定语从句，原因是在这个非限制性定语从句中缺的是介词about的宾语。故应该用which引导该非限制性定语从句。
正 That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.
【技巧拓展】 关系代词或关系副词的选择有两个原则：一是看先行词是人还是物；二是看关系词代替先行词在从句中作什么成分。若关系词代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语，则选择关系代词引导定语从句；若在从句中作状语，则选择关系副词引导定语从句。例如：
We？蒺ll remember those days that/which we spent together.（作宾语）
We？蒺ll remember those days when we played by the sea.（作状语）
四、关系词的漏用
误 The student is standing there is our monitor.
解析 在定语从句中，当先行词在定语从句中作主语时，关系代词不能省略。
正 The student who/that is standing there is our monitor.
对于定语从句关系词的选择，大家在正确分析句子结构的基础上，要从三个方面考虑：一是正确判定先行词类别。人、物、时间、地点、原因中的哪一种。二是要看关系词代替先行词在定语从句中所做的成分。三是要看定语从句类型——限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句。以上三方面全考虑到，大家才能够正确选择定语从句的关系词。
【实战演练】
改错：
1.My mother was so proud of all what I had done that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.
2.I refuse to accept the blame for something which was someone else？蒺s fault.
3.The old temple which roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.
4.The newly built cafe，the walls of it are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，specially after hard work.
5.When I arrived，Bryan took me to see the house which I would be staying.
6.We have launched another man-made satellite，that is announced in today？蒺s newspaper.
7.We live in an age that more information is available with greater ease than ever before.
8.Sales director is a position in that communication ability is just as important as sales.
参考答案：
1.what→ that或删除what 2.which→that 3.which→whose 4.it→which 5.which→where 6.that→which 7.that→when 8.that→which？荨