虚构主义是在过去20年间涌现出来的一种很有竞争力的反实在论理论。这种理论认为,某些领域(如数学、伦理)中的理论言谈所涉及的对象在本体论上是不存在的,因此这些理论言谈实际上都不是真的;然而我们可以把它们作为像虚构作品中的言谈一样继续使用下去。本文介绍和讨论了虚构主义的历史和理念,特别强调了这种理论在语言哲学、模态理论、数学哲学、道德哲学、真理理论等领域中的应用和发展。 Fictionalism is a very competitive theory of anti-realism that has emerged in the past two decades. This theory argues that the objects involved in theoretical discourse in certain fields (such as mathematics and ethics) are not ontological in nature so that these theoretical discourses are in fact not true; however, we can treat them as objects Work in the same conversation continue to use it. This article introduces and discusses the history and concept of fictionalism, with particular emphasis on the application and development of this theory in the fields of language philosophy, modal theory, mathematical philosophy, moral philosophy and truth theory.