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内能,是组成物体的所有分子的能量总和,它应当是质子与中子(还有电子)结合成原子的原子能、原子与原子结合成分子的化学能、分子与分子组合成物体的分子势能以及分子永不停息地作无规则运动的分子动能的总和。在一般热现象中,原子能和化学能几乎无变化,因而通常情况无须考虑这两方面。于是,内能的表述成了中学物理课本上的“物体所有分子的动能与势能总和”,本文以下提及的内能,也指这个意义。
Internal energy is the sum of the energy of all the molecules that make up an object. It should be the energy of atoms that protons and neutrons (and also electrons) combine to form atoms, the chemical energy of atoms and atoms to combine molecules, the molecular energy of molecules and molecules that make up objects. And the sum total of the molecular kinetic energy that the molecules never cease to do irregular movements. In general thermal phenomena, there is almost no change in the atomic energy and chemical energy, so usually there is no need to consider these two aspects. Thus, the expression of internal energy became the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of all the molecules of an object in the physics textbook for middle schools. The internal energy mentioned below in this article also refers to this meaning.