论文部分内容阅读
第一节 名词
要点归纳
一、名词的分类
名词分类可简单列表如下：
二、名词的数
(一)可数名词复数的构成
1.规律变化
可数名词复数的构成规律如下：
2.不规则变化的可数名词单数变复数形式
英语里有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的，需要记忆。但可分类归纳如下：
注：巧记“某国人”的单复数变化：中日不变，英法变，其余后面把s添。即：Chinese，Japanese的单复数相同，Englishman，Frenchwoman等要把a改为e。如：an Englishman→two Englishmen。其他各国人的复数直接加s即可，如：a German→two Germans，anAmerican→four Americans。
3.合成名词的复数形式
合成名词构成复数时通常只将里面所包含的主体名词变为复数。例如，apple tree－apple trees苹果树。由woman作为第一部分的复合名词，将两部分皆变成为复数形式。如：man writer－menwriters男作家，woman singer－womem singers女歌手。
(二)不可数名词数量的表示
不可数名词无法直接用数目计算，因此不可数名词不能像可数名词那样用a，an，many，few，one。two等词修饰，但可用some，much，little等词修饰。不可数名词通常采用“数词(当数词是one时可用a或an) piece，cup，bottle等计量单位名词 of 不可数名词”形式表达数量。要特别注意一点：当数词大于1时，计量单位名词要用复数形式。如：Give me a glass of juice and two pieces of bread，please．
不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式，其量的概念通常用一单位词来表示，或用some，lit－tle，much等来修饰，如：a piece 0f paper(bread…)一张纸(一块面包…)；a bottle of wine(juiee…)－瓶酒(一瓶果汁……)。
(三)名词作主语和谓语的呼应
1.句子的谓语动词要和主语相一致：单数可数名词或没有计量单位的名词修饰的不可数名词充当句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；复数名词用作句子主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Beef is delicious，but don’t eat too much of it．牛肉是美味，但别吃太多。Everyone except Bill and Tom was there whenthe meeting began．会议开始时，除了比尔和汤姆，每个人都在这。－Can I help you?我能帮你吗?－Yes，I’d like five potatoes and some peas．是的，我想要五个土豆和一些豌豆。
2.有计量单位名词修饰的不可数名词充当句子主语时，谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式，由计量单位名词的单、复数形式决定。如：－What’s on the ta－ble?桌子上是什么?－There is a glass of milk．是一杯牛奶。How many bottles of juice are there in thebox?盒子里有多少瓶果汁?
3.有些名词只有复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。常见的这些词有：trousers，glasses，clothes，shoes，goods(商品)等。如：Where are my glasses?我的眼镜在哪里?Your shoes are nice and beautiful．你的鞋很好看。
4.有些词以复数形式表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。常见的这些词有news，physics等。相反，有些词却以单数形式表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这些词police，people等。如：Physics is a very important subject．物理是一门很重要的课程。The police are running after a robber now．警察们正在追强盗。
5.有些数词和名词的复数形式合在一起用来表示一个整体(例如一段时间)，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Two weeks isn’t enough for me to finish the work．I need a third week．对我而言，要完成这个工作，两周不够。我需要三周。
三、名词所有格
名词所有格的构成列表如下：
典型考题例析
1.(2007天津市)They got much_____on the Intemet．
A.photo B.ideas
C.message D.information
点拨：从题意看这里应选“信息”，而much是修饰不可数名词的，因此不能选择C。答案为：D。
2.(2007孝感市)There are three_____assistants
in that_____shop．
A.women；shoe B.woman；shoe
C.woman；shoes D.women；shoes
点拨：woman作为第一部分的复合名词的复数，两部分都须变成复数。由主谓一致的原则可知，不能选择B和C。答案为：A。
3.(2007河北省)_____room is big and
bright．They like it very much．
A.Tom and Sam B.Tom’s and Sam
C.Tom and Sam’s D.Tom’s and Sam’s
点拨：A and B’s型名词所有格表示A、B两者共同拥有某物。因为room是单数，因此确定该房间两者共有。答案为：C。
4.(2007沈阳市)A human_____can do some
things better than a computer，for example，crea－
ring new ideas．
A.head B.body
C.brain D．arm
点拨：从题意看这里应选“大脑”，而不是“头”，因此，不能选择A。答案为：C。
5.(2006哈尔滨市)My school isn’t far from here．
It’s onlv_____walk．
A.fifteen minutes B.fifteen minutes’
C.fifteen minute’s
点拨：无生命名词所有格用来表示时间、距离、重量等。答案为：B。
误区警示
1．数词 名词 形容词构成的复合形容词，中间 的名词不能用复数形式，而须用单数形式。
如：she is a_____girI．
A.five－year－old
B.five－years－old
C.five years old
答案为：A。
2.不能正确判断谓语的单复数形式。一些“形单义复”或“形复义单”的名词作主语时，容易犯主谓不一致的错误。
如：The class_____(plant)trees on the hiilnow．
答案为：are planting。易误为是is planting。class作为“全班同学”解时是“形单义复”类名词，其作为句子的主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
3.不能正确判断出是可数名词或是不可数名词。
如：My parents gave me two_____(advice)about my summer holiday．
advice是不可数名词，答案为：pieces of advice。
4.不能正确理解一些无生命的名词所有格的用法。一些无生命的名词也可采用有生命的所有格形式表示时间、距离、重量等概念。
如：It’s about 10_____(minute)walk from here to the park．
答案为：minutes’。常被误以为答案是minutes of。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.－HOW many_____do you want?
－A kilo，please．
A.potato B.bread
C.bananas D.milk
( )2.Tom，take some_____to school．It’s too
hot and you may feel thirsty．
A.cake B.apples
C.btead D.juice
( )3．You must read the_____carefully before
taking the medicine．
A.instructions B.news
C.numbers D.pictures
( )4.－What can I do for you?
－I’d like two
A.box of apples B.bottles of milk
C.boxes of apple D.bottles of milks
( )5.Lily told me that her next match was ageinst
team ftom No.2 Middle School．
A.a girl’s B.girl’s
C.the girls’ D.a girls’
( )6．It’s over_____journey ftom Nanning to
GuiIin．
A.a little minute’s B.a few minute’s
C.a little minutes’ D.a few minutes’
( )7.This is_____bedroom,The twin brothers
like it very much．
A.Tom’s and Ted’s B.Tom and Ted’s
C.Tom’s and Ted D.Tom and Ted
( )8.Jane said her family WOUld have_____hol－
iday．
A.two－weeks B.two weeks
C.a two－week D.two week’s
( )9.There is not enough_____in the corner
for the table．
A.field B.place C.room D.ground
( )10.These young men want to have some_____
for dinner，SO they decide to catch_____
now．
A.fish；some B.fish much
C.fisheslmuch D.fishesImany
二、根据句意用所给词的恰当形式填空。
1.The_____(Smith)are coming to our party．
2.There are two_____(German)in our class．
3.He’s a ffiend 0I your_____(sister)．
4.The number of the b00ks 0n the shelf
(be)about 100．
5.There are some_____(tomato)in these
(Dhoto)．
第二节 代词
要点归纳
一、代词的分类
代词是用来代替名词的词。分类列表如下：二、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的分类及作用表一(单数)
三、指示代词
具有指示人或事物作用的代词称为指示代词。
四、不定代词
表示“一些，许多”的不定代词
五、疑问代词和连接代词
用来询问“谁”、“谁的”、“什么”等以构成特殊疑问句的代词称疑问代词，一般都放在句首，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
疑问代词的形式如下：
典型考题例析
1.(2007兰州市)The book is_____．I wrote_____name on its cover_____．
A.my；my；myself B.mine；my；myself
C.mine；myself；my D.myself：mine；my
点拨：第一空是表语，用名词性物主代词；第二空后有名词，用形容词性物主代词；第三空说自己，用反身代词。答案为：B．
2.(2007北京市)_____is watching TV．Let’s
turn it off．
A.Somebody B.Anybody
C.Nobody D.Everybody
点拨：B．用于否定句或疑问句，故不能用在此处。句中说要关掉电视，A和D不合题意。答案为：C。
3.(2007北京市)My parents gave_____a nice toy
dog for my birthday．
A.I B.me C.my D.mine
点拨：间接宾语人称代词的宾格，A为人称代词的主格，不能用在此处。答案为：B。
4.(2007孝感市)I asked John for_____ink，but he didn’t have_____．
A.any；some B.any，；any
C.some；any D.some；some
点拨：不定代词some用于肯定句，而any则用于否定句和疑问句中。答案为：C。
5.(2007兰州市)JiITffny’s parents are teachers．
_____of them teaches Chinese．They hoth
teach French．
A.Neither B.Either
C.All D.Both
点拨：句意为：“他们俩都不教中文。”答案为：A。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.－Can we put our shoes here?
－Oh，yes．Put_____on,the shelf，please．
A.them B.they
C.their D.it
( )2.－Is this T－shirt yours?
－NO，it’s Linda’s．_____is in_____
school bag．
A.Yours；your B.Mine；my
C.My；mine D.Your；yours
( )3.Last Sunday I saw_____enjoy_____
in the park．
A.her；hers B.they；them
C.she；herself D.them；themselves
( )4.The cars made in Japan are much cheaper than
_____made in Europe．
A.ones B.it
C.that D.those
( )5.－How often are the OlymDic Games held?
－_____four years．
A.Every B.For
C.Each D.In
( )6.My flather is very busy with his work．He has
_____time tO read newspapers．
A.a little B.few
C.little D.a few
( )7.It was a long journey．but_____of tham
felt boring．
A.both
B.none
C.either D.all
( )8.－_____does your sister do?
－She is a teacher．
A.What B.When
C.Which D.How
( )9.There is_____in the box．It’s erupty．
A.sonlething B.everything
C.nothing D.anything
( )10.I don’t have_____dresses。but I have
_____skirts．
A.any；some B.somel some
C.someIany D.any；any
( )11.－Can I come this Saturday or Sunday?
－_____is OK．I’m free this weekend．
A.Both B.Either
C.Neither D.None
( )12.－_____have you studied English?
－Over five years．
A.HOW mUCh B.How often
C.How far D.How long
( )13.－What else do you want?
－Oh，thank you．I don’t need_____．
A.more anythirig B.anything more
C.something more D.more somethitag
( )14.－All right，and what abOut TV shOWS and
plays?
－Oh，yeah．_____of us likes tham．
A.All B.No one
C.Every one D.Most
( )15.I don’t 1ike this shirt，so 1 want to see some
_____．
A.others B.the other
C.other D.all other
第三节 数词
要点归纳
一、基数词的构成
二、基数词的用法
三、序数词
四、数词的主要用法
1.用来给事物编号。如：Room 121(读作：roomone two one)，Lesson One=the first lesson。
2.用来构成分数词。用分数词表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词；如果分子大于1时，分母要用复数。如：1／2 one－second；3／4 three－fourths。另外，下列分数还可以表示为：1／2a half；1／3 a third；1／4 a fourth7a quarter；3f4 three quarters，
分数作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由of后面名词的数决定。如：Two-thirds of the jnice was drunkbv Tonny．Three-fourths of the singers are girls．
3.用来构成日期。日期的通常排列顺序为“月，日，年”。“日”用序数词，“年”用基数词。如“他出生于1990年5月6日”译成英文为：He was born onMay the sixth，nineteen ninety．
4.用来表示时刻。通常用“时钟 分钟”法表示时刻，时钟和分钟的读数都用基数词。如“这个交通事故发生在9点20分。”翻译成英文为：The trafficaccident happened at ni’ne twenty．
5.表示年代、世纪。如in the 1990s意思为“在二十世纪九十年代”。(读作in the nineteen nineties)
6.序数词与不定冠词a／an连用时表示“又一”、“再一”。如：Both ofthetwo rulers arebroken．1wantt0 buy a t11ird one这两把尺子都坏了，我想再买一把。
7.用来表示小数、百分数。小数点前和其他数词一样读，小数点读成point，小数点后读成个位数。 如：28.25读成twenty eight point two five。
典型考题例析
1.(2007山西市)we can see_____stars at night
if there are no clouds in the skv．
A.thousand of B.thousands 0f
C.a thousand
点拨：thousand，million，billion用复数形式，后加of，可表示“成千上万”、“数百万”、“上亿”等。答案为：B。
2.(2007孝感市)This is the_____time in
days that he has made the same mistake．
A.second；third B.two；three
C.two；third D.second；three
点拨：第一空前有定冠词，故应用序数词，第二空后是名词复数，故用基数词。答案为：D。
误区警示
有关数词考点，同学们容易犯下列错误：
1.表示“确数”时，容易受定式影响，将hundred，thousand，million，billion等词误用复数形式。如：这所中学有2000多个学生。There are more than twothousands students in this school．(×)There aremore than two thousand students in this school．(√)
2.分子大于一的分数词的分母误用单数形式。如：这里三分之二的小车都是中国造的。TWO thirdof the cars here are made in Chim．(×)TWO thirds ofthe cars here are made in China．(√)
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.－HOW far is it from your home to school?
－It’s about_____meters．
A.one thousand，one hundred and eightr－five
B.one thousand，one hundred eighty－five
C.one thousand and hundred eighty five
D.one thousand，one hundred and eighty five
( )2.－How many people are there in your schooI?
－About two
A.thousands B.thousand
C.thousands of D.thousand of
( )3.This is_____lesson ofthis book．
A.thtee B.the three
C.the third D.third
( )4.－What class are you in?
－I’m in_____．
A.Class Five，Grade One
B.Grade One，Class Five
C.Class five。Grade one
D.Grade one。Class five
( )5._____trees are planted on the hill every
year．
A.Hundred and thousand of
B.Hundreds and thousands of
C.Hundred and thousand
D.Hundreds and thousands
( )6.Lilei told me he lives in
A.Room 6 B.the Room 6
C.Number 6th Room
D.the Number Room 6
( )7.Guilin is a beautiful city．_____people
eonle here to visit the Lijiang every year．
A.Thousand B.Thousands
C.Thousands of D Thousand of
( )8._____of the teachers in our school are
men teachers．
A.Two thirds B.Thtee quarter
C.Three four D.Two thtee
( )9.There are_____people in my falnily．We
live on the_____floor in a tall building．
A.six；ten B.sixth；tenth
C.sixth；ten D.six；tenth
( )10.The Yellow River is the_____longest
river in our eountry．
A.seeond B.two
C.one D.first
( )11.The singer was vety famous_____．
A.in the 1990 B.in 1990s
C.in 1990’s D.in the 1990s．
( )12.－What’s the population of Chim?
－It’s about
A.one billion，three thousand mmion
B.one billion，three hundred mnlion
C.thirteen million
D.twelve billion。nine hundred million
( )13.There is_____tower in the city．
A.a eighty－metre－high
B.a eighty－metres－high
C.an eighty－metre－high
D.an eighty－metres－high
( )14.Today we’re going to learn lesson_____．
A.twenty B.twentys
C.twentyth D.twentieth
( )15.It’s half past eight now．We’n start 20 mi－
nutes later．That is，we will start at_____． A.eight fifty－five
B.eight past fifty
C.tento eight
D.ten to nine
第四节 介词
要点归纳
一、介词概述
介词是虚词的一种，也是英语里最为活跃的一种词。介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间关系的词。任何一个介词都必须带着宾语，一般是名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句。
介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中可用作主语、定语、状语、表语和补语。
二、介词的用法
(一)表时间的介词用法巧归纳
口诀：at在某时刻，0n在某天早晚和日期，
in用在时段或以后，after用在某时以后，
for表延续若干时．by到某时候，
since自某时间以来，
till，until直到何时候，
它才能归来。
如：We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived at 5 o’clock in the morning．
(二)表地点的介词用法巧归纳
口诀：里面、上面in和on，
over，under上下方。
前后in front of和behind，
at在某一地点上。
来自from，朝前to，
里面穿过是through。
表面穿过across，
到上面是onto，
进入是into。
在旁边是beside，
在附近就把near用，
紧挨着就next t0。
(三)表方式的介词用法巧归纳
by，with，in的用法。by表示“以……方式／方法”或“用……交通工具”，后接名词或动词的－ing形式。with表示“以……工具”，后接工具名词，或表示“在……(的帮助)下”。in表示“用……语言(颜色、语调、笔墨等)”。如：The teacher cattle into the class－room with a smile on her face．In the near future，many of us will be able to go to work by car．Can yousay this word in French?
三、介词的选用
1.介词的宾语决定介词。如：The train is goingthrough the channel．火车正在通过隧道。
2.介词前面的动词决定介词。如：He went tothe Great Wall last week．上星期他去了长城。
3.介词后面的词决定介词。如：He is strict inhis work．他对他的工作要求很严格。He is strictwith his students．他对他的学生要求很严格。
4.介词本身的词义决定介词。如：They will behere at／before／after 5 o’clock．他们将在五点钟／五点钟前／五点钟后到这里。
四、“动词 副词”结构后接代词作宾语
根据在句中作用的不同，up，in，on，off，over，down，round，OUt等一些词既可用作介词，又可用作副词。“动词 副词”结构的词组后接名词作宾语时，名词可放在副词之前，也可放在副词之后；当这些词组接代词作宾语时，代词只能放在动词和副词之间。如：Allen，your gloves are here．Why not put them a－way?
典型考题例析
1.(2007温州市)－When wm the 2008 Olympic
Games start?
－_____August 8，2008．
A.On B.In C.For D.At
点拨：表示在具体的日期要用on。答案为：A。
2.(2007北京市)we traveled all night to London and
got tnere_____Sunday morning．
A.for B.on C.at D.to
点拨：表示在具体某天的早中晚要用on。答案为：B。
3.(2007成都市)The moonlight is coming in_____the
window and the room seems quiet and beautifuI．
A.across B.through C.over
点拨：此题考查表示空间运动的介词，A表示从这一边到那一边横穿，C是指跨越上方，B是指穿越或穿过。根据题意，答案为：B。
误区警示
有关介词考点，同学们容易犯下列错误：
1.混淆一些近义的介词或词组的用法。如：Hecan SWim through the river．(×)He can swim acrossthe river．(√)
2.分不清“动词 介词”和“动词 副词”的区别。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1._____9：00 of January 1，we’ll have a
New Year’s party．
A.On B.In C.At D.By
( )2.My brother went to Canada last year．We
haven’t seen him_____．
A.from almost a year
B.sinee almost a year ago
C.before almost a year
D.after almost a year
( )3._____the help of our English teacher，we
can learn English better．
A.With B.Under
C.Using D.Through
( )4.－I think that haVing junk food is bad_____
our health．
－Yes，I agree_____you．
A.tO；to B.for；for
C.for；with D.at；with
( )5.I study for a test_____working with a
group．
A.at B.for C.bv D.to
( )6.Nanning is famous_____“Green City”．
A.ftom B.as C.in D.for
( )7.China lies_____the east of Asia and the north Of Australia．
A.to；in B.to；in
C.in；to D.in；on
( )8.I don’t like this color．I don’t want to
_____．
A.try it on B.put on it
C.wear it on D.dtess 0n it
( )9.The radio is too noisy．Could I_____?
A.turn it up B.turn it down
C.turn up it D.turn down it
( )10.I’m fifteen now．I was born_____1992．
A.in B.on C.at D.ftom
( )11.The story happened_____a cold dark
night．
A.in B.on C.at D.of
( )12.Mary will artive_____London_____
the morning.
A.at；in B.in；in
C.in；on D.at；on
( )13.I am gOing to the beach_____my car．
A.by B.to C.on D.in
( )14．Hainan is the second largest island in Our
eountry．It is_____of Guangxi．
A.to the south
B.in the south
C.at the south
D.on the sourh
( )15.We waited an hour for a taxi．We gave up
and walked home．
A.at the beginning B.at first
C.in the end D.1astlv
第五节 冠词
要点归纳
一、冠词的分类和位置
冠词分为不定冠词a／an和定冠词the。冠词用在名词前，本身无独立意义，但对句意影响很大。
二、冠词的用法
(一)不定冠词的用法
(二)定冠词the的用法
(三)不用冠词(零冠词)的情况
三、有无冠词意义不同
有些词组有无冠词意思有很大的差别。常见的这些词组列表如下：
典型考题例析
1.(2007福州市)－Do you know Taiwan，Jenny?
－Yes，of coures．Taiwan is_____island．It be－
longs to China．
A.a B.an C.the D.不填
点拨：island是以元音音素开头的单词，表示数量“一”时，其前面不定冠词用an。答案为：B。
2.(2007天津市)－will you get there by_____
train?
－No，I’Il take_____taxi．
A.／；a B.a；the
C.／；／ D.the；a
点拨：第一空by表示途径时，不用定冠词。第二空为固定搭配。答案为：A。
3.(2007孝感市)My brother studies in_____uni－
versity．_____universl‘ty is very far from here．
A.amThe B.a：The
C.the；A D.a；A
点拨：第一空university虽然是以元音字母为开头拼写的单词，但是，不是以元音音素开头，故不能用an。第二空university是第二次出现，要用定冠词the。答案为：B。
4.(2007河北省)_____woman in a purple skirt is
Betty’s mother．
A.The B.A C.An D.不填
点拨：本句是特指“穿紫色短裙的那个妇女”，要用定冠词the。答案为：A。
误区警示
有关冠词考点，同学们容易犯下列错误：
1.选用不定冠词a，an时，搞不清楚是该看元音、辅音字母开头还是看元音、辅音音标开头。
2.搞不清该“加冠”还是“免冠”。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.There is_____dolphin shOW in the zoo at
10：00 am every day．
A.a B.an C.the D.／
( )2.There is_____elephant，_____tiger
and some mice in the picture．
A.an；a B.a；an
C.an；an D.a：a
( )3.You’ve dropped_____“d”in the word
“Wednesday”．
A.an B.a C.the D.／
( )4._____Whites are having a party now．
A.An B.／ C.The D.A
( )5.He can play_____baseball well，and he
can play_____piano better．
A.a；the B.／；the
C.the；／ D.the；a
( )6.I have some bread and_____cup of milk
for_____breakfast every morning．
A.／；the B.a；the
C.a；／ D.a；a
( )7.What_____fine weather it is!
A.a B.the
C.／ D.an
( )8.There is_____weather report in today’s
newspaper．_____reporter says it wnl be
rainy tomorrow．
A.a；A B.a；The
C.the；The D.／；／
( )9.Jack bought_____useful book．_____
book is als0 very interesting.
A.an；The B.a；A
C.the；The D.a；The
( )10.Yao Ming，_____NBA player，wm con－
tlhue_____matehes this year． A.an：the B.a；a
C.a；the D.the：a
( )11.I have to study for_____English test．
A.a B.an
C.the D.／
( )12.We have waited for her for_____hour．
A.the B.／
C.an D.a
( )13.－How far is it from our scholl to_____
station?
一It’s about_____eight knometers’
walk ftom here．
A.the；a B.／；an
C.the；／ D.／；the
( )14.－What’s_____weather 1ike today?
－Maybe it is_____nice day．
A．a；the B.／；a
C.the；／ D.the；a
( )15.Jim said he wanted to be_____university
student after he finished school．
A.the B.a
C.an D.／
第六节 连词
要点归纳
一、连词的概述
连词是一种虚词，它不能独立充当句子成分，而只能起连接词与词、短语与短语以及句与句的作用。
二、连词的分类
典型考题例析
1.(2007北京市)I’d like to go shopping with you，
_____I’m too busy today．
A.but B.and C.so D.or
点拨：所连接的两个句子之间是转折关系。答案为：A。
2.(2007茂名市)Stop，_____we willshoot at
you．
A.so B.and C.or
点拨：所连接的两个句子之间是选择关系。答案为：C。
3.(2007沈阳市)The red suitcase is expensive
_____it’s made of 1eather．
A.when B.if
C.because D.though
点拨：所连接的两个句子之间是因果关系。答案为：C。
4.(2007浙江省)－I hear Jay Chou、will come to our city．
－Really?_____he comes，Helen wm be very
happy because she is a big fan of Jay．
A.If B.Until
C.Unless D.Before
点拨：从题意可知，所连接的句子是条件状语从句。答案为：A。
误区警示
1.不能同时出现在一个句子的连词：因为，所以because，so；虽然，但是though，but。
2.if的不同用法。当“是否”用是引导宾语从句；作“假如，如果”引导条件状语从句。
破关训练
( )1.－Would you like t0 come to my party?
－I’d like to．_____I’m too busy．
A.if B.so C.and D.but
( )2.Hurry up，_____you’ll be late．
A.or B.so C.and D.but
( )3.Tom tried his best to study for a test．
he failed again．
A.or B.and C.but D.became
( )4.Which one is better?The red one_____
the blue one?
A.so B.and C.or D.but
( )5._____you_____he is able t0 sing well
A.Both；and B.Neither；nor
C.Either；nor D.Not only．but
( )6._____Julia_____Suemaygowith you
because one of them must look after their
grandpa．
A.Either；or B.Neither．nor
C.Both；and D.Solthat
( )7.Tom didn’t go to bed_____his mother
came home．
A.when B.while
C.until D.because
( )8.We are aIl here．Jim isn’t here_____he
has a bad cold．
A.because B.if
C.before D.so
( )9.Susan fell asleep_____she was listening
to the music．
A.before B.while
C.as soon as D.after
( )10.I will tell you_____he comes back．
A.as B.while
C.since D.as soon as
( )11.He was_____tired_____he fell a－
sleep at once．
A.even；thOUgh B.as；if
C.SO，that D.as sOOn as；so
( )12.The foreigher asked me_____I could
speak English．
A.what B.if C.that D.／
( )13.I hope to go to Australia some day_____
there are many kangflroos there．
A.though B.where
C.unless D.because
( )14.I’m waiting for the email．Do you know
_____it will arrive?
A.when B.where
C.now D.what
( )15.Our living environments have been getting
worse_____the increase in industrial Dollution．
A.as B.thanks to
C.because D.since
第七节 形容词、副词
要点归纳
一、形容词与副词的句法功能对比
二、形容词、副词的比较等级
三、形容词、副词三种级别的用法
四、一些常见的形容词变副词的方法
典型考题例析
1.(2007兰州市)Remember，claSS，_____you work．_____result you’ll get．
A.the better；the harder
B.the harder：the better
C.the hard；the better
D.the harder；the good
点拨：表示两个过程按比例同时增减时，用“the 比较级，the 比较级”。A答案不符合逻辑。答案为：B。
2.(2007山西省)Sorry，I took your MP3 by mistake，
I’ll be_____careful next time．
A.most B.more C.much
点拨：多音节和部分双音节形容词、副词的比较级，是在词前加more构成。答案为：B。
3.(2007浙江省)－This sweater is tOO expensive．I
can’t afford it．
－HOw about this one?It’s much
A.cheap B.cheaper
C.cheapest D.the cheapest
点拨：much是用来修饰形容词、副词比较级的。答案为：B。
4.(2007宜昌市)－How does Tony go to school every
day?
－e has the_____joumey，so he walks to
scholl．
A.farthest B.longest
C.nearest D.shortest
点拨：该题考查形容词比较级的词义。journey在此是指“路程”。答案为：D。
5.(2007沈阳市)－Which ocean is_____，the At－
lantic or the Pacific?
－The Pacific．
A.deep B.deeper
C.deepest D.more deeper
点拨：该题考查形容词比较级的用法。D答案是错误的。因为more不能用来修饰单音节词比较级。答案为：B。
误区警示
有关形容词、副词考点，同学们容易犯下列错误：
1.误认为所有以－ ly结尾的词都是副词。实际上friendly，lively，silly，lovely等词都是形容词。
2.在将部分形容词、副词变比较级、最高级时容易出错。须牢记带后缀的形容词、副词都是通过在词前加more，most变成比较级、最高级的，如：lively变比较级、最高级：livelier(×)，liveliest(×)，more livelv(√)，most lively(√)。
破关训练
( )1.This year it doesn’t rain as_____1ast
year．
A.more than B.much as
C.many as D.more
( )2.Bob never writes his homework_____
John．
A.so careful B.so careful
C.as carefully as D.as careful as
( )3.I can_____listen to the weather report－
er．Please turn it up．
A.clearly B.really
C.rather D.hardly
( )4.This room is much_____than that one．
A.stronger B.bigger
C.biggest D.fast
( )5.It’s_____to teach a man fishing than to
give him fish．
A.better B.best
C.more D.good
( )6.The world iS becoming_____because the
Internet brings us closer．
A.big and big
B.smaller and smaller
C.small and small
D.bigger and bigger
( )7.The food 0f China is_____that of western
countries．
A.rather good than
B.so good as
C.much better than
D.more better than
( )8.The noise upstairs made the man so_____．
A.angrily B.angry
C.happy D.happily
( )9.The match is very_____and I am_____in it．
A.exciting excited
B.excite excite
C.excited exciting
D.exciting；exciting
( )10.Don’speak_____when we are in the
reading room．
A.fast B.loudly
C.slowly D.politely
第八节 动词
要点归纳
一、动词的分类
英语中动词根据其词义和作用，可分为实义动词、联系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类。列下表以示其特点、语法意义。
二、非谓语动词
非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、v-ing形式、过去分词
1.不定式意味着动作未发生。后接动词不定式的主要动词(词组)有：want，decide，hope，expect，re－fuse，agree，would like，wish，promise等，后接动词不定式作宾语；tell，ask，order，expect，want，allow，ad－vice，permit等，后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。但see，hear，look，listen，watch等感官动词和have，let， make等使役动词之后要接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，当这些动词用于被动语态时，作主语补足语的动词不定式要带to。
2.动名词意味着动作正在进行。后接v－ing形式的主要动词(词组)有：enjoy，practise，finish，keep，hate，prefer；mind，give up，feel like，be busy，be goodat，can’t help，be worth，stop…from，look forward to等。
3.有些动词之后可以接两种不同的非谓语动词形式，但表示的意义不一样。常见的有：
4.规则变化的动词过去分词是在动词原形之后加一ed构成，主要用来表示被动含义。如：The citycalled“Green City”is our Nanning．
三、动词的时态和语态
(一)动词的8种时态
句子的时态和句子的时间状语紧密相连。要答好时态选择题，必须认真分析句子的时间状语，并由此来确定句子该用何种时态。若句中没有时间状语，则要根据上下文语境、句意及逻辑分析来判断用何种时态。
还要注意几种特殊情况：
1.在含有宾语从句的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词是现在时态，可以根据需要选择从句谓语动词的时态；如果主句谓语动词是过去时态，宾语从句中谓语动词的时态要用过去的某种时态；但若从句表示客观真理，则谓语动词的时态用一般现在时。如：Weshall go fishing if it doesn’t rain this afternoon,
2．在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中，从句谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。
(二)动词的语态
英语谓语动词有两种语态，列表如下：
典型考题例析
1.(2007河北省)There_____a talk show on
CCTV－4 at nine this evening．
A.will have B.is going to be
C.is going to have D.is staying
点拨：There be用于There is going to…句式时要用There is going to be…答案为：B。
2.(2007北京市)I had a bad cold．The doctor asked
me_____in bed．
A.staying B.to stay
C.stayed D.stays
点拨：ask之后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。答案为：B。
3.(2007武汉市)－When_____your brother
back?
－About half an hour ago．
A.did；come B.had：come
C.do；come D.have；come
点拨：ago是一般过去式的时间状语。did是用来构成一般过去式疑问句的助动词。答案为：A。
4.(2007北京市)Today Chinese_____by more
and more people around the world．
A.was spoken B.is spoken
C.spoke D.speak
点拨：today是现在时的时间状语，由句意可知要用被动语态。答案为：B。
5.(2007浙江省)－Must I hand in my composition
today?
－No，you_____．You may give it to me torrlorrow．
A.needn’t B.can’t
C.mustn’t D.shouldn’t
点拨：must表示“必要”时，其否定形式为needn’t，表示不必要。答案为：A。
误区警示
有关动词考点，同学们容易犯下列错误：
1.误用非延续和延续性动词。部分同学在做时态试题时，忘记“段”时间状语需和延续性动词连用。如，翻译：“那个老人死了有五年了。”The old man hasdied for 5 years．(×)The old man has been dead for 5years．(√)
2.误用时态。部分同学在做时态题时，容易被表面的时间状语所迷惑。
如：She’U come to see you if it_____(be)fine tomorrow．(用所给词的正确形式填空)
部分同学解答本题时容易受句末时间状语的影响而误认为答案是will be。事实上解答本题需要考虑本题考的是状语从句，从句使用一般现在时表示将来。答案是is。
3.误用语态。有些动词常用主动语态表示被动含义，如sell，taste，sme’ll等。如：“这些食物味道很好闻”翻译成英文为The food smells well．而不是Thefood is smelt well．
破关训练
一、单项选择题。
( )1.He_____apples，but his sister_____．
A.1ikes；didn’t B.likes；doesn’t
C.don’t like；do D.didn’t like：do
( )2.We won’t go fishing if_____tomorrow．
A.it rains B.it will rain
C.it WOLIld rain D.it rained
( )3.－Where is Fred now?
－He_____his car outside the door．
A.fixing up B.fix up
C.is fixing up D.fixed
( )4.Look，some children_____photos over
there．
A.are taking B.take
C.took D.takes
( )5.－When_____you_____Tom?
－At 10：00．
A.do：see B.did；see
C.did；saw D.were；see
( )6.－It’s a secret between us．Don’t tell anybody
else．
－Sure，_____．
A.I don’t B.I will
C.I do D.I won’t
( )7.There_____a sports meeting in our
school next week．
A.have B.will have C.is going to be D.is going to have
( )8.He_____TV plays at 8：00 last night．
A.watched B.was watching
C.is watching D.watches
( )9._____you ever_____flowers in the
park?
A.Have；picked B.Has；picked
C.Have；been D.Did；picked
( )10.I_____away from this school for two
years．
A.was B.went
C.have been D.have gone
二、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1._____(do) Jim_____(do) his homework at
seven every evening?
2.What_____(be) you _____(have) the day
after tomorrow?
3. My mother_____(cook) for me when I came
home yesterday afternoon.
4.Listen! Someone_____(sing) the song.
5. He said，“I_____(paint) his house when the
telephone rang.”
6.The ancient city _____(find) in 1978.
7.Please stop_____(talk). It’s time for class.
8.Why not_____(tell) me the troth. I must know it.
9._____(see) is believing. It’ s true.
10.－Have you finished _____(write) the email?
－Not yet.
三、句子改错。每个句子有一处错误。请画出来并在题后横线上写出正确答案。
1.Where could you like to visit? _____
2.The room needs to be clean._____
3.Tom paid ten cents in the pen. _____
4.It was invent in 1990._____
5.He didn’t appear until the cOncert begun._____
6.We should study from Lei Feng. _____
7.Teenagers should be allowed choosing their own
clothes._____
8.We will help them cleaning the park on Sunday._____
9.She dreams of become a super star. ______
10.He was heard sing a song just now. _______
四、选择适当短语填空。
cheer up, set up, clean up, call up, come up with,run out of, write down, hand out, put off, put up
1.We should_____all our ideas. Who has a pen?
2.I have a lot of signs to_____. Would you like
to help me?
3.I’ll_____eleven people and ask them to come.
4.Would you please help him _____ the gifts at
the party?
5.－Do you have to finish it right away?
－Yes. We can’t_____it
6.You can .help_____some good ideas for
games.
7.That little dog looks so sad. Let’s _____her
8.We should ______ the room together.
9.They want to______a school in the village.
10.Lily has______money already.
要点归纳
一、名词的分类
名词分类可简单列表如下：
二、名词的数
(一)可数名词复数的构成
1.规律变化
可数名词复数的构成规律如下：
2.不规则变化的可数名词单数变复数形式
英语里有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的，需要记忆。但可分类归纳如下：
注：巧记“某国人”的单复数变化：中日不变，英法变，其余后面把s添。即：Chinese，Japanese的单复数相同，Englishman，Frenchwoman等要把a改为e。如：an Englishman→two Englishmen。其他各国人的复数直接加s即可，如：a German→two Germans，anAmerican→four Americans。
3.合成名词的复数形式
合成名词构成复数时通常只将里面所包含的主体名词变为复数。例如，apple tree－apple trees苹果树。由woman作为第一部分的复合名词，将两部分皆变成为复数形式。如：man writer－menwriters男作家，woman singer－womem singers女歌手。
(二)不可数名词数量的表示
不可数名词无法直接用数目计算，因此不可数名词不能像可数名词那样用a，an，many，few，one。two等词修饰，但可用some，much，little等词修饰。不可数名词通常采用“数词(当数词是one时可用a或an) piece，cup，bottle等计量单位名词 of 不可数名词”形式表达数量。要特别注意一点：当数词大于1时，计量单位名词要用复数形式。如：Give me a glass of juice and two pieces of bread，please．
不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式，其量的概念通常用一单位词来表示，或用some，lit－tle，much等来修饰，如：a piece 0f paper(bread…)一张纸(一块面包…)；a bottle of wine(juiee…)－瓶酒(一瓶果汁……)。
(三)名词作主语和谓语的呼应
1.句子的谓语动词要和主语相一致：单数可数名词或没有计量单位的名词修饰的不可数名词充当句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；复数名词用作句子主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Beef is delicious，but don’t eat too much of it．牛肉是美味，但别吃太多。Everyone except Bill and Tom was there whenthe meeting began．会议开始时，除了比尔和汤姆，每个人都在这。－Can I help you?我能帮你吗?－Yes，I’d like five potatoes and some peas．是的，我想要五个土豆和一些豌豆。
2.有计量单位名词修饰的不可数名词充当句子主语时，谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式，由计量单位名词的单、复数形式决定。如：－What’s on the ta－ble?桌子上是什么?－There is a glass of milk．是一杯牛奶。How many bottles of juice are there in thebox?盒子里有多少瓶果汁?
3.有些名词只有复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。常见的这些词有：trousers，glasses，clothes，shoes，goods(商品)等。如：Where are my glasses?我的眼镜在哪里?Your shoes are nice and beautiful．你的鞋很好看。
4.有些词以复数形式表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式。常见的这些词有news，physics等。相反，有些词却以单数形式表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这些词police，people等。如：Physics is a very important subject．物理是一门很重要的课程。The police are running after a robber now．警察们正在追强盗。
5.有些数词和名词的复数形式合在一起用来表示一个整体(例如一段时间)，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Two weeks isn’t enough for me to finish the work．I need a third week．对我而言，要完成这个工作，两周不够。我需要三周。
三、名词所有格
名词所有格的构成列表如下：
典型考题例析
1.(2007天津市)They got much_____on the Intemet．
A.photo B.ideas
C.message D.information
点拨：从题意看这里应选“信息”，而much是修饰不可数名词的，因此不能选择C。答案为：D。
2.(2007孝感市)There are three_____assistants
in that_____shop．
A.women；shoe B.woman；shoe
C.woman；shoes D.women；shoes
点拨：woman作为第一部分的复合名词的复数，两部分都须变成复数。由主谓一致的原则可知，不能选择B和C。答案为：A。
3.(2007河北省)_____room is big and
bright．They like it very much．
A.Tom and Sam B.Tom’s and Sam
C.Tom and Sam’s D.Tom’s and Sam’s
点拨：A and B’s型名词所有格表示A、B两者共同拥有某物。因为room是单数，因此确定该房间两者共有。答案为：C。
4.(2007沈阳市)A human_____can do some
things better than a computer，for example，crea－
ring new ideas．
A.head B.body
C.brain D．arm
点拨：从题意看这里应选“大脑”，而不是“头”，因此，不能选择A。答案为：C。
5.(2006哈尔滨市)My school isn’t far from here．
It’s onlv_____walk．
A.fifteen minutes B.fifteen minutes’
C.fifteen minute’s
点拨：无生命名词所有格用来表示时间、距离、重量等。答案为：B。
误区警示
1．数词 名词 形容词构成的复合形容词，中间 的名词不能用复数形式，而须用单数形式。
如：she is a_____girI．
A.five－year－old
B.five－years－old
C.five years old
答案为：A。
2.不能正确判断谓语的单复数形式。一些“形单义复”或“形复义单”的名词作主语时，容易犯主谓不一致的错误。
如：The class_____(plant)trees on the hiilnow．
答案为：are planting。易误为是is planting。class作为“全班同学”解时是“形单义复”类名词，其作为句子的主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。
3.不能正确判断出是可数名词或是不可数名词。
如：My parents gave me two_____(advice)about my summer holiday．
advice是不可数名词，答案为：pieces of advice。
4.不能正确理解一些无生命的名词所有格的用法。一些无生命的名词也可采用有生命的所有格形式表示时间、距离、重量等概念。
如：It’s about 10_____(minute)walk from here to the park．
答案为：minutes’。常被误以为答案是minutes of。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.－HOW many_____do you want?
－A kilo，please．
A.potato B.bread
C.bananas D.milk
( )2.Tom，take some_____to school．It’s too
hot and you may feel thirsty．
A.cake B.apples
C.btead D.juice
( )3．You must read the_____carefully before
taking the medicine．
A.instructions B.news
C.numbers D.pictures
( )4.－What can I do for you?
－I’d like two
A.box of apples B.bottles of milk
C.boxes of apple D.bottles of milks
( )5.Lily told me that her next match was ageinst
team ftom No.2 Middle School．
A.a girl’s B.girl’s
C.the girls’ D.a girls’
( )6．It’s over_____journey ftom Nanning to
GuiIin．
A.a little minute’s B.a few minute’s
C.a little minutes’ D.a few minutes’
( )7.This is_____bedroom,The twin brothers
like it very much．
A.Tom’s and Ted’s B.Tom and Ted’s
C.Tom’s and Ted D.Tom and Ted
( )8.Jane said her family WOUld have_____hol－
iday．
A.two－weeks B.two weeks
C.a two－week D.two week’s
( )9.There is not enough_____in the corner
for the table．
A.field B.place C.room D.ground
( )10.These young men want to have some_____
for dinner，SO they decide to catch_____
now．
A.fish；some B.fish much
C.fisheslmuch D.fishesImany
二、根据句意用所给词的恰当形式填空。
1.The_____(Smith)are coming to our party．
2.There are two_____(German)in our class．
3.He’s a ffiend 0I your_____(sister)．
4.The number of the b00ks 0n the shelf
(be)about 100．
5.There are some_____(tomato)in these
(Dhoto)．
第二节 代词
要点归纳
一、代词的分类
代词是用来代替名词的词。分类列表如下：二、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的分类及作用表一(单数)
三、指示代词
具有指示人或事物作用的代词称为指示代词。
四、不定代词
表示“一些，许多”的不定代词
五、疑问代词和连接代词
用来询问“谁”、“谁的”、“什么”等以构成特殊疑问句的代词称疑问代词，一般都放在句首，并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。
疑问代词的形式如下：
典型考题例析
1.(2007兰州市)The book is_____．I wrote_____name on its cover_____．
A.my；my；myself B.mine；my；myself
C.mine；myself；my D.myself：mine；my
点拨：第一空是表语，用名词性物主代词；第二空后有名词，用形容词性物主代词；第三空说自己，用反身代词。答案为：B．
2.(2007北京市)_____is watching TV．Let’s
turn it off．
A.Somebody B.Anybody
C.Nobody D.Everybody
点拨：B．用于否定句或疑问句，故不能用在此处。句中说要关掉电视，A和D不合题意。答案为：C。
3.(2007北京市)My parents gave_____a nice toy
dog for my birthday．
A.I B.me C.my D.mine
点拨：间接宾语人称代词的宾格，A为人称代词的主格，不能用在此处。答案为：B。
4.(2007孝感市)I asked John for_____ink，but he didn’t have_____．
A.any；some B.any，；any
C.some；any D.some；some
点拨：不定代词some用于肯定句，而any则用于否定句和疑问句中。答案为：C。
5.(2007兰州市)JiITffny’s parents are teachers．
_____of them teaches Chinese．They hoth
teach French．
A.Neither B.Either
C.All D.Both
点拨：句意为：“他们俩都不教中文。”答案为：A。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.－Can we put our shoes here?
－Oh，yes．Put_____on,the shelf，please．
A.them B.they
C.their D.it
( )2.－Is this T－shirt yours?
－NO，it’s Linda’s．_____is in_____
school bag．
A.Yours；your B.Mine；my
C.My；mine D.Your；yours
( )3.Last Sunday I saw_____enjoy_____
in the park．
A.her；hers B.they；them
C.she；herself D.them；themselves
( )4.The cars made in Japan are much cheaper than
_____made in Europe．
A.ones B.it
C.that D.those
( )5.－How often are the OlymDic Games held?
－_____four years．
A.Every B.For
C.Each D.In
( )6.My flather is very busy with his work．He has
_____time tO read newspapers．
A.a little B.few
C.little D.a few
( )7.It was a long journey．but_____of tham
felt boring．
A.both
B.none
C.either D.all
( )8.－_____does your sister do?
－She is a teacher．
A.What B.When
C.Which D.How
( )9.There is_____in the box．It’s erupty．
A.sonlething B.everything
C.nothing D.anything
( )10.I don’t have_____dresses。but I have
_____skirts．
A.any；some B.somel some
C.someIany D.any；any
( )11.－Can I come this Saturday or Sunday?
－_____is OK．I’m free this weekend．
A.Both B.Either
C.Neither D.None
( )12.－_____have you studied English?
－Over five years．
A.HOW mUCh B.How often
C.How far D.How long
( )13.－What else do you want?
－Oh，thank you．I don’t need_____．
A.more anythirig B.anything more
C.something more D.more somethitag
( )14.－All right，and what abOut TV shOWS and
plays?
－Oh，yeah．_____of us likes tham．
A.All B.No one
C.Every one D.Most
( )15.I don’t 1ike this shirt，so 1 want to see some
_____．
A.others B.the other
C.other D.all other
第三节 数词
要点归纳
一、基数词的构成
二、基数词的用法
三、序数词
四、数词的主要用法
1.用来给事物编号。如：Room 121(读作：roomone two one)，Lesson One=the first lesson。
2.用来构成分数词。用分数词表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词；如果分子大于1时，分母要用复数。如：1／2 one－second；3／4 three－fourths。另外，下列分数还可以表示为：1／2a half；1／3 a third；1／4 a fourth7a quarter；3f4 three quarters，
分数作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由of后面名词的数决定。如：Two-thirds of the jnice was drunkbv Tonny．Three-fourths of the singers are girls．
3.用来构成日期。日期的通常排列顺序为“月，日，年”。“日”用序数词，“年”用基数词。如“他出生于1990年5月6日”译成英文为：He was born onMay the sixth，nineteen ninety．
4.用来表示时刻。通常用“时钟 分钟”法表示时刻，时钟和分钟的读数都用基数词。如“这个交通事故发生在9点20分。”翻译成英文为：The trafficaccident happened at ni’ne twenty．
5.表示年代、世纪。如in the 1990s意思为“在二十世纪九十年代”。(读作in the nineteen nineties)
6.序数词与不定冠词a／an连用时表示“又一”、“再一”。如：Both ofthetwo rulers arebroken．1wantt0 buy a t11ird one这两把尺子都坏了，我想再买一把。
7.用来表示小数、百分数。小数点前和其他数词一样读，小数点读成point，小数点后读成个位数。 如：28.25读成twenty eight point two five。
典型考题例析
1.(2007山西市)we can see_____stars at night
if there are no clouds in the skv．
A.thousand of B.thousands 0f
C.a thousand
点拨：thousand，million，billion用复数形式，后加of，可表示“成千上万”、“数百万”、“上亿”等。答案为：B。
2.(2007孝感市)This is the_____time in
days that he has made the same mistake．
A.second；third B.two；three
C.two；third D.second；three
点拨：第一空前有定冠词，故应用序数词，第二空后是名词复数，故用基数词。答案为：D。
误区警示
有关数词考点，同学们容易犯下列错误：
1.表示“确数”时，容易受定式影响，将hundred，thousand，million，billion等词误用复数形式。如：这所中学有2000多个学生。There are more than twothousands students in this school．(×)There aremore than two thousand students in this school．(√)
2.分子大于一的分数词的分母误用单数形式。如：这里三分之二的小车都是中国造的。TWO thirdof the cars here are made in Chim．(×)TWO thirds ofthe cars here are made in China．(√)
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.－HOW far is it from your home to school?
－It’s about_____meters．
A.one thousand，one hundred and eightr－five
B.one thousand，one hundred eighty－five
C.one thousand and hundred eighty five
D.one thousand，one hundred and eighty five
( )2.－How many people are there in your schooI?
－About two
A.thousands B.thousand
C.thousands of D.thousand of
( )3.This is_____lesson ofthis book．
A.thtee B.the three
C.the third D.third
( )4.－What class are you in?
－I’m in_____．
A.Class Five，Grade One
B.Grade One，Class Five
C.Class five。Grade one
D.Grade one。Class five
( )5._____trees are planted on the hill every
year．
A.Hundred and thousand of
B.Hundreds and thousands of
C.Hundred and thousand
D.Hundreds and thousands
( )6.Lilei told me he lives in
A.Room 6 B.the Room 6
C.Number 6th Room
D.the Number Room 6
( )7.Guilin is a beautiful city．_____people
eonle here to visit the Lijiang every year．
A.Thousand B.Thousands
C.Thousands of D Thousand of
( )8._____of the teachers in our school are
men teachers．
A.Two thirds B.Thtee quarter
C.Three four D.Two thtee
( )9.There are_____people in my falnily．We
live on the_____floor in a tall building．
A.six；ten B.sixth；tenth
C.sixth；ten D.six；tenth
( )10.The Yellow River is the_____longest
river in our eountry．
A.seeond B.two
C.one D.first
( )11.The singer was vety famous_____．
A.in the 1990 B.in 1990s
C.in 1990’s D.in the 1990s．
( )12.－What’s the population of Chim?
－It’s about
A.one billion，three thousand mmion
B.one billion，three hundred mnlion
C.thirteen million
D.twelve billion。nine hundred million
( )13.There is_____tower in the city．
A.a eighty－metre－high
B.a eighty－metres－high
C.an eighty－metre－high
D.an eighty－metres－high
( )14.Today we’re going to learn lesson_____．
A.twenty B.twentys
C.twentyth D.twentieth
( )15.It’s half past eight now．We’n start 20 mi－
nutes later．That is，we will start at_____． A.eight fifty－five
B.eight past fifty
C.tento eight
D.ten to nine
第四节 介词
要点归纳
一、介词概述
介词是虚词的一种，也是英语里最为活跃的一种词。介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间关系的词。任何一个介词都必须带着宾语，一般是名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句。
介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中可用作主语、定语、状语、表语和补语。
二、介词的用法
(一)表时间的介词用法巧归纳
口诀：at在某时刻，0n在某天早晚和日期，
in用在时段或以后，after用在某时以后，
for表延续若干时．by到某时候，
since自某时间以来，
till，until直到何时候，
它才能归来。
如：We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived at 5 o’clock in the morning．
(二)表地点的介词用法巧归纳
口诀：里面、上面in和on，
over，under上下方。
前后in front of和behind，
at在某一地点上。
来自from，朝前to，
里面穿过是through。
表面穿过across，
到上面是onto，
进入是into。
在旁边是beside，
在附近就把near用，
紧挨着就next t0。
(三)表方式的介词用法巧归纳
by，with，in的用法。by表示“以……方式／方法”或“用……交通工具”，后接名词或动词的－ing形式。with表示“以……工具”，后接工具名词，或表示“在……(的帮助)下”。in表示“用……语言(颜色、语调、笔墨等)”。如：The teacher cattle into the class－room with a smile on her face．In the near future，many of us will be able to go to work by car．Can yousay this word in French?
三、介词的选用
1.介词的宾语决定介词。如：The train is goingthrough the channel．火车正在通过隧道。
2.介词前面的动词决定介词。如：He went tothe Great Wall last week．上星期他去了长城。
3.介词后面的词决定介词。如：He is strict inhis work．他对他的工作要求很严格。He is strictwith his students．他对他的学生要求很严格。
4.介词本身的词义决定介词。如：They will behere at／before／after 5 o’clock．他们将在五点钟／五点钟前／五点钟后到这里。
四、“动词 副词”结构后接代词作宾语
根据在句中作用的不同，up，in，on，off，over，down，round，OUt等一些词既可用作介词，又可用作副词。“动词 副词”结构的词组后接名词作宾语时，名词可放在副词之前，也可放在副词之后；当这些词组接代词作宾语时，代词只能放在动词和副词之间。如：Allen，your gloves are here．Why not put them a－way?
典型考题例析
1.(2007温州市)－When wm the 2008 Olympic
Games start?
－_____August 8，2008．
A.On B.In C.For D.At
点拨：表示在具体的日期要用on。答案为：A。
2.(2007北京市)we traveled all night to London and
got tnere_____Sunday morning．
A.for B.on C.at D.to
点拨：表示在具体某天的早中晚要用on。答案为：B。
3.(2007成都市)The moonlight is coming in_____the
window and the room seems quiet and beautifuI．
A.across B.through C.over
点拨：此题考查表示空间运动的介词，A表示从这一边到那一边横穿，C是指跨越上方，B是指穿越或穿过。根据题意，答案为：B。
误区警示
有关介词考点，同学们容易犯下列错误：
1.混淆一些近义的介词或词组的用法。如：Hecan SWim through the river．(×)He can swim acrossthe river．(√)
2.分不清“动词 介词”和“动词 副词”的区别。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1._____9：00 of January 1，we’ll have a
New Year’s party．
A.On B.In C.At D.By
( )2.My brother went to Canada last year．We
haven’t seen him_____．
A.from almost a year
B.sinee almost a year ago
C.before almost a year
D.after almost a year
( )3._____the help of our English teacher，we
can learn English better．
A.With B.Under
C.Using D.Through
( )4.－I think that haVing junk food is bad_____
our health．
－Yes，I agree_____you．
A.tO；to B.for；for
C.for；with D.at；with
( )5.I study for a test_____working with a
group．
A.at B.for C.bv D.to
( )6.Nanning is famous_____“Green City”．
A.ftom B.as C.in D.for
( )7.China lies_____the east of Asia and the north Of Australia．
A.to；in B.to；in
C.in；to D.in；on
( )8.I don’t like this color．I don’t want to
_____．
A.try it on B.put on it
C.wear it on D.dtess 0n it
( )9.The radio is too noisy．Could I_____?
A.turn it up B.turn it down
C.turn up it D.turn down it
( )10.I’m fifteen now．I was born_____1992．
A.in B.on C.at D.ftom
( )11.The story happened_____a cold dark
night．
A.in B.on C.at D.of
( )12.Mary will artive_____London_____
the morning.
A.at；in B.in；in
C.in；on D.at；on
( )13.I am gOing to the beach_____my car．
A.by B.to C.on D.in
( )14．Hainan is the second largest island in Our
eountry．It is_____of Guangxi．
A.to the south
B.in the south
C.at the south
D.on the sourh
( )15.We waited an hour for a taxi．We gave up
and walked home．
A.at the beginning B.at first
C.in the end D.1astlv
第五节 冠词
要点归纳
一、冠词的分类和位置
冠词分为不定冠词a／an和定冠词the。冠词用在名词前，本身无独立意义，但对句意影响很大。
二、冠词的用法
(一)不定冠词的用法
(二)定冠词the的用法
(三)不用冠词(零冠词)的情况
三、有无冠词意义不同
有些词组有无冠词意思有很大的差别。常见的这些词组列表如下：
典型考题例析
1.(2007福州市)－Do you know Taiwan，Jenny?
－Yes，of coures．Taiwan is_____island．It be－
longs to China．
A.a B.an C.the D.不填
点拨：island是以元音音素开头的单词，表示数量“一”时，其前面不定冠词用an。答案为：B。
2.(2007天津市)－will you get there by_____
train?
－No，I’Il take_____taxi．
A.／；a B.a；the
C.／；／ D.the；a
点拨：第一空by表示途径时，不用定冠词。第二空为固定搭配。答案为：A。
3.(2007孝感市)My brother studies in_____uni－
versity．_____universl‘ty is very far from here．
A.amThe B.a：The
C.the；A D.a；A
点拨：第一空university虽然是以元音字母为开头拼写的单词，但是，不是以元音音素开头，故不能用an。第二空university是第二次出现，要用定冠词the。答案为：B。
4.(2007河北省)_____woman in a purple skirt is
Betty’s mother．
A.The B.A C.An D.不填
点拨：本句是特指“穿紫色短裙的那个妇女”，要用定冠词the。答案为：A。
误区警示
有关冠词考点，同学们容易犯下列错误：
1.选用不定冠词a，an时，搞不清楚是该看元音、辅音字母开头还是看元音、辅音音标开头。
2.搞不清该“加冠”还是“免冠”。
破关训练
一、单项选择。
( )1.There is_____dolphin shOW in the zoo at
10：00 am every day．
A.a B.an C.the D.／
( )2.There is_____elephant，_____tiger
and some mice in the picture．
A.an；a B.a；an
C.an；an D.a：a
( )3.You’ve dropped_____“d”in the word
“Wednesday”．
A.an B.a C.the D.／
( )4._____Whites are having a party now．
A.An B.／ C.The D.A
( )5.He can play_____baseball well，and he
can play_____piano better．
A.a；the B.／；the
C.the；／ D.the；a
( )6.I have some bread and_____cup of milk
for_____breakfast every morning．
A.／；the B.a；the
C.a；／ D.a；a
( )7.What_____fine weather it is!
A.a B.the
C.／ D.an
( )8.There is_____weather report in today’s
newspaper．_____reporter says it wnl be
rainy tomorrow．
A.a；A B.a；The
C.the；The D.／；／
( )9.Jack bought_____useful book．_____
book is als0 very interesting.
A.an；The B.a；A
C.the；The D.a；The
( )10.Yao Ming，_____NBA player，wm con－
tlhue_____matehes this year． A.an：the B.a；a
C.a；the D.the：a
( )11.I have to study for_____English test．
A.a B.an
C.the D.／
( )12.We have waited for her for_____hour．
A.the B.／
C.an D.a
( )13.－How far is it from our scholl to_____
station?
一It’s about_____eight knometers’
walk ftom here．
A.the；a B.／；an
C.the；／ D.／；the
( )14.－What’s_____weather 1ike today?
－Maybe it is_____nice day．
A．a；the B.／；a
C.the；／ D.the；a
( )15.Jim said he wanted to be_____university
student after he finished school．
A.the B.a
C.an D.／
第六节 连词
要点归纳
一、连词的概述
连词是一种虚词，它不能独立充当句子成分，而只能起连接词与词、短语与短语以及句与句的作用。
二、连词的分类
典型考题例析
1.(2007北京市)I’d like to go shopping with you，
_____I’m too busy today．
A.but B.and C.so D.or
点拨：所连接的两个句子之间是转折关系。答案为：A。
2.(2007茂名市)Stop，_____we willshoot at
you．
A.so B.and C.or
点拨：所连接的两个句子之间是选择关系。答案为：C。
3.(2007沈阳市)The red suitcase is expensive
_____it’s made of 1eather．
A.when B.if
C.because D.though
点拨：所连接的两个句子之间是因果关系。答案为：C。
4.(2007浙江省)－I hear Jay Chou、will come to our city．
－Really?_____he comes，Helen wm be very
happy because she is a big fan of Jay．
A.If B.Until
C.Unless D.Before
点拨：从题意可知，所连接的句子是条件状语从句。答案为：A。
误区警示
1.不能同时出现在一个句子的连词：因为，所以because，so；虽然，但是though，but。
2.if的不同用法。当“是否”用是引导宾语从句；作“假如，如果”引导条件状语从句。
破关训练
( )1.－Would you like t0 come to my party?
－I’d like to．_____I’m too busy．
A.if B.so C.and D.but
( )2.Hurry up，_____you’ll be late．
A.or B.so C.and D.but
( )3.Tom tried his best to study for a test．
he failed again．
A.or B.and C.but D.became
( )4.Which one is better?The red one_____
the blue one?
A.so B.and C.or D.but
( )5._____you_____he is able t0 sing well
A.Both；and B.Neither；nor
C.Either；nor D.Not only．but
( )6._____Julia_____Suemaygowith you
because one of them must look after their
grandpa．
A.Either；or B.Neither．nor
C.Both；and D.Solthat
( )7.Tom didn’t go to bed_____his mother
came home．
A.when B.while
C.until D.because
( )8.We are aIl here．Jim isn’t here_____he
has a bad cold．
A.because B.if
C.before D.so
( )9.Susan fell asleep_____she was listening
to the music．
A.before B.while
C.as soon as D.after
( )10.I will tell you_____he comes back．
A.as B.while
C.since D.as soon as
( )11.He was_____tired_____he fell a－
sleep at once．
A.even；thOUgh B.as；if
C.SO，that D.as sOOn as；so
( )12.The foreigher asked me_____I could
speak English．
A.what B.if C.that D.／
( )13.I hope to go to Australia some day_____
there are many kangflroos there．
A.though B.where
C.unless D.because
( )14.I’m waiting for the email．Do you know
_____it will arrive?
A.when B.where
C.now D.what
( )15.Our living environments have been getting
worse_____the increase in industrial Dollution．
A.as B.thanks to
C.because D.since
第七节 形容词、副词
要点归纳
一、形容词与副词的句法功能对比
二、形容词、副词的比较等级
三、形容词、副词三种级别的用法
四、一些常见的形容词变副词的方法
典型考题例析
1.(2007兰州市)Remember，claSS，_____you work．_____result you’ll get．
A.the better；the harder
B.the harder：the better
C.the hard；the better
D.the harder；the good
点拨：表示两个过程按比例同时增减时，用“the 比较级，the 比较级”。A答案不符合逻辑。答案为：B。
2.(2007山西省)Sorry，I took your MP3 by mistake，
I’ll be_____careful next time．
A.most B.more C.much
点拨：多音节和部分双音节形容词、副词的比较级，是在词前加more构成。答案为：B。
3.(2007浙江省)－This sweater is tOO expensive．I
can’t afford it．
－HOw about this one?It’s much
A.cheap B.cheaper
C.cheapest D.the cheapest
点拨：much是用来修饰形容词、副词比较级的。答案为：B。
4.(2007宜昌市)－How does Tony go to school every
day?
－e has the_____joumey，so he walks to
scholl．
A.farthest B.longest
C.nearest D.shortest
点拨：该题考查形容词比较级的词义。journey在此是指“路程”。答案为：D。
5.(2007沈阳市)－Which ocean is_____，the At－
lantic or the Pacific?
－The Pacific．
A.deep B.deeper
C.deepest D.more deeper
点拨：该题考查形容词比较级的用法。D答案是错误的。因为more不能用来修饰单音节词比较级。答案为：B。
误区警示
有关形容词、副词考点，同学们容易犯下列错误：
1.误认为所有以－ ly结尾的词都是副词。实际上friendly，lively，silly，lovely等词都是形容词。
2.在将部分形容词、副词变比较级、最高级时容易出错。须牢记带后缀的形容词、副词都是通过在词前加more，most变成比较级、最高级的，如：lively变比较级、最高级：livelier(×)，liveliest(×)，more livelv(√)，most lively(√)。
破关训练
( )1.This year it doesn’t rain as_____1ast
year．
A.more than B.much as
C.many as D.more
( )2.Bob never writes his homework_____
John．
A.so careful B.so careful
C.as carefully as D.as careful as
( )3.I can_____listen to the weather report－
er．Please turn it up．
A.clearly B.really
C.rather D.hardly
( )4.This room is much_____than that one．
A.stronger B.bigger
C.biggest D.fast
( )5.It’s_____to teach a man fishing than to
give him fish．
A.better B.best
C.more D.good
( )6.The world iS becoming_____because the
Internet brings us closer．
A.big and big
B.smaller and smaller
C.small and small
D.bigger and bigger
( )7.The food 0f China is_____that of western
countries．
A.rather good than
B.so good as
C.much better than
D.more better than
( )8.The noise upstairs made the man so_____．
A.angrily B.angry
C.happy D.happily
( )9.The match is very_____and I am_____in it．
A.exciting excited
B.excite excite
C.excited exciting
D.exciting；exciting
( )10.Don’speak_____when we are in the
reading room．
A.fast B.loudly
C.slowly D.politely
第八节 动词
要点归纳
一、动词的分类
英语中动词根据其词义和作用，可分为实义动词、联系动词、助动词和情态动词四大类。列下表以示其特点、语法意义。
二、非谓语动词
非谓语动词有三种形式：动词不定式、v-ing形式、过去分词
1.不定式意味着动作未发生。后接动词不定式的主要动词(词组)有：want，decide，hope，expect，re－fuse，agree，would like，wish，promise等，后接动词不定式作宾语；tell，ask，order，expect，want，allow，ad－vice，permit等，后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。但see，hear，look，listen，watch等感官动词和have，let， make等使役动词之后要接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，当这些动词用于被动语态时，作主语补足语的动词不定式要带to。
2.动名词意味着动作正在进行。后接v－ing形式的主要动词(词组)有：enjoy，practise，finish，keep，hate，prefer；mind，give up，feel like，be busy，be goodat，can’t help，be worth，stop…from，look forward to等。
3.有些动词之后可以接两种不同的非谓语动词形式，但表示的意义不一样。常见的有：
4.规则变化的动词过去分词是在动词原形之后加一ed构成，主要用来表示被动含义。如：The citycalled“Green City”is our Nanning．
三、动词的时态和语态
(一)动词的8种时态
句子的时态和句子的时间状语紧密相连。要答好时态选择题，必须认真分析句子的时间状语，并由此来确定句子该用何种时态。若句中没有时间状语，则要根据上下文语境、句意及逻辑分析来判断用何种时态。
还要注意几种特殊情况：
1.在含有宾语从句的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词是现在时态，可以根据需要选择从句谓语动词的时态；如果主句谓语动词是过去时态，宾语从句中谓语动词的时态要用过去的某种时态；但若从句表示客观真理，则谓语动词的时态用一般现在时。如：Weshall go fishing if it doesn’t rain this afternoon,
2．在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中，从句谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。
(二)动词的语态
英语谓语动词有两种语态，列表如下：
典型考题例析
1.(2007河北省)There_____a talk show on
CCTV－4 at nine this evening．
A.will have B.is going to be
C.is going to have D.is staying
点拨：There be用于There is going to…句式时要用There is going to be…答案为：B。
2.(2007北京市)I had a bad cold．The doctor asked
me_____in bed．
A.staying B.to stay
C.stayed D.stays
点拨：ask之后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。答案为：B。
3.(2007武汉市)－When_____your brother
back?
－About half an hour ago．
A.did；come B.had：come
C.do；come D.have；come
点拨：ago是一般过去式的时间状语。did是用来构成一般过去式疑问句的助动词。答案为：A。
4.(2007北京市)Today Chinese_____by more
and more people around the world．
A.was spoken B.is spoken
C.spoke D.speak
点拨：today是现在时的时间状语，由句意可知要用被动语态。答案为：B。
5.(2007浙江省)－Must I hand in my composition
today?
－No，you_____．You may give it to me torrlorrow．
A.needn’t B.can’t
C.mustn’t D.shouldn’t
点拨：must表示“必要”时，其否定形式为needn’t，表示不必要。答案为：A。
误区警示
有关动词考点，同学们容易犯下列错误：
1.误用非延续和延续性动词。部分同学在做时态试题时，忘记“段”时间状语需和延续性动词连用。如，翻译：“那个老人死了有五年了。”The old man hasdied for 5 years．(×)The old man has been dead for 5years．(√)
2.误用时态。部分同学在做时态题时，容易被表面的时间状语所迷惑。
如：She’U come to see you if it_____(be)fine tomorrow．(用所给词的正确形式填空)
部分同学解答本题时容易受句末时间状语的影响而误认为答案是will be。事实上解答本题需要考虑本题考的是状语从句，从句使用一般现在时表示将来。答案是is。
3.误用语态。有些动词常用主动语态表示被动含义，如sell，taste，sme’ll等。如：“这些食物味道很好闻”翻译成英文为The food smells well．而不是Thefood is smelt well．
破关训练
一、单项选择题。
( )1.He_____apples，but his sister_____．
A.1ikes；didn’t B.likes；doesn’t
C.don’t like；do D.didn’t like：do
( )2.We won’t go fishing if_____tomorrow．
A.it rains B.it will rain
C.it WOLIld rain D.it rained
( )3.－Where is Fred now?
－He_____his car outside the door．
A.fixing up B.fix up
C.is fixing up D.fixed
( )4.Look，some children_____photos over
there．
A.are taking B.take
C.took D.takes
( )5.－When_____you_____Tom?
－At 10：00．
A.do：see B.did；see
C.did；saw D.were；see
( )6.－It’s a secret between us．Don’t tell anybody
else．
－Sure，_____．
A.I don’t B.I will
C.I do D.I won’t
( )7.There_____a sports meeting in our
school next week．
A.have B.will have C.is going to be D.is going to have
( )8.He_____TV plays at 8：00 last night．
A.watched B.was watching
C.is watching D.watches
( )9._____you ever_____flowers in the
park?
A.Have；picked B.Has；picked
C.Have；been D.Did；picked
( )10.I_____away from this school for two
years．
A.was B.went
C.have been D.have gone
二、用所给词的适当形式填空。
1._____(do) Jim_____(do) his homework at
seven every evening?
2.What_____(be) you _____(have) the day
after tomorrow?
3. My mother_____(cook) for me when I came
home yesterday afternoon.
4.Listen! Someone_____(sing) the song.
5. He said，“I_____(paint) his house when the
telephone rang.”
6.The ancient city _____(find) in 1978.
7.Please stop_____(talk). It’s time for class.
8.Why not_____(tell) me the troth. I must know it.
9._____(see) is believing. It’ s true.
10.－Have you finished _____(write) the email?
－Not yet.
三、句子改错。每个句子有一处错误。请画出来并在题后横线上写出正确答案。
1.Where could you like to visit? _____
2.The room needs to be clean._____
3.Tom paid ten cents in the pen. _____
4.It was invent in 1990._____
5.He didn’t appear until the cOncert begun._____
6.We should study from Lei Feng. _____
7.Teenagers should be allowed choosing their own
clothes._____
8.We will help them cleaning the park on Sunday._____
9.She dreams of become a super star. ______
10.He was heard sing a song just now. _______
四、选择适当短语填空。
cheer up, set up, clean up, call up, come up with,run out of, write down, hand out, put off, put up
1.We should_____all our ideas. Who has a pen?
2.I have a lot of signs to_____. Would you like
to help me?
3.I’ll_____eleven people and ask them to come.
4.Would you please help him _____ the gifts at
the party?
5.－Do you have to finish it right away?
－Yes. We can’t_____it
6.You can .help_____some good ideas for
games.
7.That little dog looks so sad. Let’s _____her
8.We should ______ the room together.
9.They want to______a school in the village.
10.Lily has______money already.