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英语语法中的主从复合句总是会让高中学生觉得糊里糊涂,分不清楚。其实,只要掌握诀窍,各种从句分类自然会迎刃而解。笔者今天就先来谈一下定语从句的技巧。
高中英语语法中的从句如果从句子本身性质来分,可以分为名词性、形容词性和副词性三大类。其中名词性从句就是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四大类;副词性从句则是指状语从句——它在主从复合句中充当的位置类似于副词,是补充说明时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、结果、目的等信息的。而定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、副词、不定式、介词短语等来担任。如果是一个句子担任定语,那么这个句子就叫做定语从句,因为主要由形容词来担任定语,所以也可以称它为形容词性从句。
定语从句必备有两大要素,一是先行词,一是关系词。被修饰的名词、代词叫做先行词,定语从句常跟在先行词之后,由关系词引导。关系词常有三个作用:
①连接作用,引导定语从句。
②代替先行词。
③在定语从句中担当一个成分。
请注意:关系代词有主语、宾语、定语之分。其中一般who,which,that做主语或宾语,whom作为宾语,whose作为定语。关系代词在从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语(where),时间状语(when),原因状语(why)。
下面我们来看一个句子:
This is a book which was written by J.K. Rowling.
在这句话里,a book就是被修饰的先行词,而关系词,自然就是引导which was written by J.K. Rowling.这个从句的which了。
我们先来练习一下,确定先行词和关系词。
1.You are the right person whom we are looking for.(先行词the right person, 关系词whom)
2.I’ve spent all the money that was given by my parents.(先行词the money, 关系词that)
3.I will never forget the day when I joined the League.(先行词 the day, 关系词when)
4.This is the factory where the machines are made.(先行词the factory, 关系词where)
那么,这些关系词到底该如何选择呢?这就是笔者要着重介绍的“代入法”。
请看这个句子填空:1.The students ________ don’t study hard will not pass the exam.
我们可以判断出来,先行词是the students,从句是______ don’t study hard.现在,让我们把先行词the students代入到句子当中去,我们会得到:The students don’t study hard. 可以直接代入,先行词是指人,于是我们直接选择who或that。
2.The bicycle _____________ you saw in the room is your birthday gift. 先行词the bicycle可直接代入为:You saw the bicycle in the room.先行词为物,所以我们使用which或that。
下面让我们对比一下3、4两句:
3.I’ll never forget the day _____ ____we spent happily together.
4.I’ll never forget the day_________ we worked together.
先行词均为the day,但是句子3代入进去为we spent the day,可直接代入,故使用which;而句子4代入进去为we worked on the day,不可直接代入,需要补充介词on,故使用on which,等于when.
又如5、6两句:
5.Do you remember the village ________ we visited last year?
6.Do you remember the village _________ we met Tom?
句子5先行词可直接代入,所以用which或that,句子6代入后需要补充介词in,所以关系词使用in which,即为where.
这个方法掌握之后,我们就会发现,复杂模糊的定语从句关系词判断一下子变得清晰方便起来。如:The reason ________I got a job was because of my hard work. 先行词代入后需要补充为:I got a job for the reason,所以用for which, 或why.
现在,让我们用高考真题来检验一下“代入法”的效果吧!
(2011山东卷)32.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.
A.they B. where C. what D. that
先行词是small houses,代入后为:small houses are built close to each other.可直接代入,故直接选择which或 that,本题选D。
(2011安徽卷)28. Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.
A. when B. which C. where D. while
先行词the refrigerator,代入从句为: it will keep for two or three weeks in the refrigerator,使用in which,故选择C where。
综上所述,只要判断清楚先行词,使用代入法看是可以直接代入从句还是需要补充介词,定语从句的关系词选择问题就不再令人头疼,变得清晰简单起来。
高中英语语法中的从句如果从句子本身性质来分,可以分为名词性、形容词性和副词性三大类。其中名词性从句就是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四大类;副词性从句则是指状语从句——它在主从复合句中充当的位置类似于副词,是补充说明时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、结果、目的等信息的。而定语可以由形容词、代词、数词、名词、分词、副词、不定式、介词短语等来担任。如果是一个句子担任定语,那么这个句子就叫做定语从句,因为主要由形容词来担任定语,所以也可以称它为形容词性从句。
定语从句必备有两大要素,一是先行词,一是关系词。被修饰的名词、代词叫做先行词,定语从句常跟在先行词之后,由关系词引导。关系词常有三个作用:
①连接作用,引导定语从句。
②代替先行词。
③在定语从句中担当一个成分。
请注意:关系代词有主语、宾语、定语之分。其中一般who,which,that做主语或宾语,whom作为宾语,whose作为定语。关系代词在从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语(where),时间状语(when),原因状语(why)。
下面我们来看一个句子:
This is a book which was written by J.K. Rowling.
在这句话里,a book就是被修饰的先行词,而关系词,自然就是引导which was written by J.K. Rowling.这个从句的which了。
我们先来练习一下,确定先行词和关系词。
1.You are the right person whom we are looking for.(先行词the right person, 关系词whom)
2.I’ve spent all the money that was given by my parents.(先行词the money, 关系词that)
3.I will never forget the day when I joined the League.(先行词 the day, 关系词when)
4.This is the factory where the machines are made.(先行词the factory, 关系词where)
那么,这些关系词到底该如何选择呢?这就是笔者要着重介绍的“代入法”。
请看这个句子填空:1.The students ________ don’t study hard will not pass the exam.
我们可以判断出来,先行词是the students,从句是______ don’t study hard.现在,让我们把先行词the students代入到句子当中去,我们会得到:The students don’t study hard. 可以直接代入,先行词是指人,于是我们直接选择who或that。
2.The bicycle _____________ you saw in the room is your birthday gift. 先行词the bicycle可直接代入为:You saw the bicycle in the room.先行词为物,所以我们使用which或that。
下面让我们对比一下3、4两句:
3.I’ll never forget the day _____ ____we spent happily together.
4.I’ll never forget the day_________ we worked together.
先行词均为the day,但是句子3代入进去为we spent the day,可直接代入,故使用which;而句子4代入进去为we worked on the day,不可直接代入,需要补充介词on,故使用on which,等于when.
又如5、6两句:
5.Do you remember the village ________ we visited last year?
6.Do you remember the village _________ we met Tom?
句子5先行词可直接代入,所以用which或that,句子6代入后需要补充介词in,所以关系词使用in which,即为where.
这个方法掌握之后,我们就会发现,复杂模糊的定语从句关系词判断一下子变得清晰方便起来。如:The reason ________I got a job was because of my hard work. 先行词代入后需要补充为:I got a job for the reason,所以用for which, 或why.
现在,让我们用高考真题来检验一下“代入法”的效果吧!
(2011山东卷)32.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.
A.they B. where C. what D. that
先行词是small houses,代入后为:small houses are built close to each other.可直接代入,故直接选择which或 that,本题选D。
(2011安徽卷)28. Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _____ it will keep for two or three weeks.
A. when B. which C. where D. while
先行词the refrigerator,代入从句为: it will keep for two or three weeks in the refrigerator,使用in which,故选择C where。
综上所述,只要判断清楚先行词,使用代入法看是可以直接代入从句还是需要补充介词,定语从句的关系词选择问题就不再令人头疼,变得清晰简单起来。