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职业流行病学调查时，对照组是非常重要的，因为使用不同的对照组将得到不同的结果。为了选择一个较好的有可比性的对照组，本文调查了某煤矿工人死亡率，调查对象共２５８９例男性矿工，追踪２１年（１９７２年１月１日～１９９２年１２月３１日），采用５个对照组，即内对照、工厂组、３个居民组（当地、某城区和全国）进行分析，探讨队列研究中如何选择恰当对照，使其结果更能反映客观事实。结果表明：不同对照其结果不同。分析了各对照优劣，认为有些缺陷。调查设计时，如果经费、时间和人力允许，应尽可能选择不接触粉尘，其余条件与观察组一致的工厂组工人作对照组。因此本文推荐用与观察组观察时间尽可能相似的居民组，但应校正健康工人效应（ＨＷＥ）。
In the occupational epidemiological survey, the control group is very important because using different control groups will give different results. In order to select a comparatively good control group, this paper investigated the death rate of a coal miner and investigated 2589 male miners, tracking 21 years (January 1, 1972 to December 31, 1992). Five control groups, ie internal controls, factory groups, and 3 residents groups (local, urban, and national) were analyzed to determine how to select appropriate controls in the cohort study so that the results could better reflect objective facts. The results show that different controls have different results. The pros and cons of each control were analyzed and some deficiencies were considered. When investigating and designing, if it is allowed by funds, time and manpower, it should be possible to choose not to contact with dust, and the remaining conditions are the same as those of the observation group. Therefore, we recommend the use of a group of residents that are as similar as possible to the observation group observation time, but should revise the health worker effect (HWE).