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摘要:冲突话语是夫妻间不可避免的一种言语行为。该文基于言语行为理论,对热播美剧《This is us》中夫妻间冲突话语进行分析,归纳出退出式、第三方介入式、转移话题式三种冲突话语结束策略,旨在补充现有的冲突性话语研究。
关键词:夫妻冲突话语;言语行为;结束策略
中图分类号:H136 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1003-2177(2017)09-0000-00
话语冲突是一种复杂的语言现象,频繁地发生于人们交际过程中。由于冲突话语是影响交际效果的一大障碍,因此越来越受到语言学家的重视。本文以言语行为理论为理论框架,探讨夫妻间冲突性话语的结束策略。
1 冲突性话语和言语行为理论
英国学者Austin在1955年提出了言语行为理论,他认为,人们的话语不只是简单陈述观点,说任何一句话时,人们同时要完成三种行为:言内行为、言外行为、言后行为。Austin的研究重点是言外行为。冲突话语指的是在人际交往中,由于每个人性格、价值观及对某人某事看法和态度各不相同,在言语交际过程中出现的不合作现象,继而产生冲突话语。冲突性话语的“结束”是指停止当前冲突话轮,双方进行更为合作的言语行为或其他行为,如转换话题或一方退出谈话等。一般而言,冲突过程会持续到一方主动让步停止冲突为止。
2 研究方法和数据收集
本文将以美剧《This is us》为语料来源,以定性和定量的方法进行分析。《This is us》是NBC 2016年9月开播的美剧,第一季共18集,讲述父辈的过去和我们的现在,他们的共同点就是“同一天生日”,他们的生活故事以有趣的方式交叉在一起,其中不乏有很多夫妻冲突。本文收集其中20段冲突对话,总结出3种夫妻话语冲突结束策略,包括退出,第三方介入和转换话题。
2.1退出式
退出式是指在夫妻间冲突话语中,夫妻其中一方不愿继续争执而主动退出谈话或离开现场的方式。退出冲突现场不仅可以避免问题扩大化,也可以避免双方损伤面子。这种策略是最常见的终止策略。
例1:Rebecca独自在家照顾三个孩子,而Jack酗酒夜夜晚归,某夜回到家时,Rebecca坐在客厅沙发上等他。
Rebecca: You are getting home later and later.
Jack: Bec, what are you saying?
Rebecca: The drinking has to stop. You have to reign it in, baby. Because I won’t have it in my house. You won’t have it in your house.-I won’t. So if it’s a problem, fix it. Be a man, and fix it. Because I’m done letting you lower our score.
說罢,Rebecca走出客厅,留下Jack一人。
2.2第三方介入式
第三方介入是冲突双方争执不下时,由于第三方的介入或出现而暂时停止或得以解决。第三方的介入往往是非故意的。冲突双方会因为第三方的介入使冲突不了了之或在过后再继续冲突的话题。
例2:Jack夫妇在青蛙酒吧和一群球迷一起看球赛时谈到生孩子问题时发生了冲突:
Jack: …And, you know, we’re great together and I love our life. But the older we get, the more I think that…The more I think there’s got to be something bigger than just me and you.
Rebecca: Well, thank you very much for involving me in this huge invisible change of yours. Huge. Because you knew when you met me and married me that I did not want to be one of those women whose sole purpose in life was to be a mother. If that’s what you wanted, you should have married my mom.
Jack: I was thinking more your sister.
Rebecca: Oh, you probably were.
Jack: I’m…it’s a bad joke.
Rebecca: I’m not there yet, Jack. I’m only 29.
Jack: Almost 30.
Rebecca: I know how old I am!
随即一个看球观众实在忍受不了他们的争吵,让他们去外面吵,结果一头怒火的Jack转而和他扭打起来。在这次冲突中,由于第三方介入,两人冲突终止。
2.3转换话题式
转移话题能使没有人在丢面子的情况下终止冲突,双方也不用做出让步或对冲突再进行协商。
例3:Rebecca因为怀了三胞胎肚子太大导致生活和行动不便,生产前六周两人发生冲突:
Jack: Just six weeks away, babe. Just six weeks, okay? And they said that triplets come early. So we’re almost there. Rebecca: There are three human beings inside of me, Jack. And they’re all lining up to go down the waterslide, and we don’t have anything done for them yet.
Jack: We have cribs. And we-we have Big Three onesies.
Rebecca: We have cribs inside a barely finished house that is littered with moving boxes. I have a million things that I have to do. And I’m gonna have to duct tape garbage bags to my swollen clown feet to get any of it done. (Ring bells)
Jack: I got it.
Rebecca: No, no, no, Jack, don’t run away from this conversation. I’m not done talking yet!
Jack: I’m just answering the phone, dear.
兩人争吵激烈时,Jack说他要去接电话,转移了话题,使之前争执话题中止,冲突结束。
3 结语
冲突话语不可避免地存在于夫妻的言语交际中,也是话语分析的重要课题之一。夫妻双方彼此的兴趣会不同,因而不会在每件事上都有相同的想法,所以懂得妥协和退让是很必要的。
参考文献
[1] Austin J. How to Do Things with words [M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2002.
[2] Searle J R. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language [M]. Foreign Language and Research Press. 2001.
[3]赵英玲. 冲突话语分析[J].外语学刊,2004(5):37-41.
[4] 赵忠德,张琳. 从关联理论看话语冲突[J].外语教学,2005,(1).
作者简介:罗晶(1990—),女,安徽芜湖人,硕士,助教,研究方向:外国语言学及应用语言学。
关键词:夫妻冲突话语;言语行为;结束策略
中图分类号:H136 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1003-2177(2017)09-0000-00
话语冲突是一种复杂的语言现象,频繁地发生于人们交际过程中。由于冲突话语是影响交际效果的一大障碍,因此越来越受到语言学家的重视。本文以言语行为理论为理论框架,探讨夫妻间冲突性话语的结束策略。
1 冲突性话语和言语行为理论
英国学者Austin在1955年提出了言语行为理论,他认为,人们的话语不只是简单陈述观点,说任何一句话时,人们同时要完成三种行为:言内行为、言外行为、言后行为。Austin的研究重点是言外行为。冲突话语指的是在人际交往中,由于每个人性格、价值观及对某人某事看法和态度各不相同,在言语交际过程中出现的不合作现象,继而产生冲突话语。冲突性话语的“结束”是指停止当前冲突话轮,双方进行更为合作的言语行为或其他行为,如转换话题或一方退出谈话等。一般而言,冲突过程会持续到一方主动让步停止冲突为止。
2 研究方法和数据收集
本文将以美剧《This is us》为语料来源,以定性和定量的方法进行分析。《This is us》是NBC 2016年9月开播的美剧,第一季共18集,讲述父辈的过去和我们的现在,他们的共同点就是“同一天生日”,他们的生活故事以有趣的方式交叉在一起,其中不乏有很多夫妻冲突。本文收集其中20段冲突对话,总结出3种夫妻话语冲突结束策略,包括退出,第三方介入和转换话题。
2.1退出式
退出式是指在夫妻间冲突话语中,夫妻其中一方不愿继续争执而主动退出谈话或离开现场的方式。退出冲突现场不仅可以避免问题扩大化,也可以避免双方损伤面子。这种策略是最常见的终止策略。
例1:Rebecca独自在家照顾三个孩子,而Jack酗酒夜夜晚归,某夜回到家时,Rebecca坐在客厅沙发上等他。
Rebecca: You are getting home later and later.
Jack: Bec, what are you saying?
Rebecca: The drinking has to stop. You have to reign it in, baby. Because I won’t have it in my house. You won’t have it in your house.-I won’t. So if it’s a problem, fix it. Be a man, and fix it. Because I’m done letting you lower our score.
說罢,Rebecca走出客厅,留下Jack一人。
2.2第三方介入式
第三方介入是冲突双方争执不下时,由于第三方的介入或出现而暂时停止或得以解决。第三方的介入往往是非故意的。冲突双方会因为第三方的介入使冲突不了了之或在过后再继续冲突的话题。
例2:Jack夫妇在青蛙酒吧和一群球迷一起看球赛时谈到生孩子问题时发生了冲突:
Jack: …And, you know, we’re great together and I love our life. But the older we get, the more I think that…The more I think there’s got to be something bigger than just me and you.
Rebecca: Well, thank you very much for involving me in this huge invisible change of yours. Huge. Because you knew when you met me and married me that I did not want to be one of those women whose sole purpose in life was to be a mother. If that’s what you wanted, you should have married my mom.
Jack: I was thinking more your sister.
Rebecca: Oh, you probably were.
Jack: I’m…it’s a bad joke.
Rebecca: I’m not there yet, Jack. I’m only 29.
Jack: Almost 30.
Rebecca: I know how old I am!
随即一个看球观众实在忍受不了他们的争吵,让他们去外面吵,结果一头怒火的Jack转而和他扭打起来。在这次冲突中,由于第三方介入,两人冲突终止。
2.3转换话题式
转移话题能使没有人在丢面子的情况下终止冲突,双方也不用做出让步或对冲突再进行协商。
例3:Rebecca因为怀了三胞胎肚子太大导致生活和行动不便,生产前六周两人发生冲突:
Jack: Just six weeks away, babe. Just six weeks, okay? And they said that triplets come early. So we’re almost there. Rebecca: There are three human beings inside of me, Jack. And they’re all lining up to go down the waterslide, and we don’t have anything done for them yet.
Jack: We have cribs. And we-we have Big Three onesies.
Rebecca: We have cribs inside a barely finished house that is littered with moving boxes. I have a million things that I have to do. And I’m gonna have to duct tape garbage bags to my swollen clown feet to get any of it done. (Ring bells)
Jack: I got it.
Rebecca: No, no, no, Jack, don’t run away from this conversation. I’m not done talking yet!
Jack: I’m just answering the phone, dear.
兩人争吵激烈时,Jack说他要去接电话,转移了话题,使之前争执话题中止,冲突结束。
3 结语
冲突话语不可避免地存在于夫妻的言语交际中,也是话语分析的重要课题之一。夫妻双方彼此的兴趣会不同,因而不会在每件事上都有相同的想法,所以懂得妥协和退让是很必要的。
参考文献
[1] Austin J. How to Do Things with words [M]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2002.
[2] Searle J R. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language [M]. Foreign Language and Research Press. 2001.
[3]赵英玲. 冲突话语分析[J].外语学刊,2004(5):37-41.
[4] 赵忠德,张琳. 从关联理论看话语冲突[J].外语教学,2005,(1).
作者简介:罗晶(1990—),女,安徽芜湖人,硕士,助教,研究方向:外国语言学及应用语言学。