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【摘要】 目的:检测促血管生成素-2(Angiopoietin-2,Ang-2)和血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在肾细胞癌患者外周血中的表达,探讨两者的变化及其相互关系。方法:收集56例肾细胞癌患者按肿瘤分期分为实验1、2、3组,30例健康人为对照组,采用ELISA方法分别检测标本Ang-2、VEGF的水平,对以上数据进行比较。结果:四组的VEGF两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验3组的Ang-2高于实验1组、实验2组、对照组,对照组的Ang-2低于实验1、2、3组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肾细胞癌患者血清VEGF和Ang-2呈正相关(r=0.732,P<0.05)。结论:Ang-2、VEGF在肾细胞癌患者外周血中呈高表达,且与临床分期关系密切,Ang-2和VEGF在肾细胞癌血管生成中可能相互影响。
【关键词】 肾细胞癌; 促血管生成素-2; 血管内皮生长因子
The Expression and Significance of Ang-2 and VEGF in Peripheral Blood of Renal Cell Carcinoma Patient/HAN Hui,WANG Yong-gang,LIU Shang-ying.//Medical Innovation of China,2017,14(27):110-112
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the expression of angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in peripheral blood of patients with renal cell carcinoma,and to explore the changes and their relationship.Method:56 renal cell carcinoma patients were selected,according to the tumor stage were divided into experimental group 1,2,3,30 healthy people were selected as the control group,specimens was detected by ELISA method Ang-2,the levels of VEGF,the above data were compared.Result:The differences between the four groups of VEGF compsred were statistically significant(P<0.05);the Ang-2 of experimental group 3 was higher than the experimental group 1,experimental group 2,control group,the Ang-2 of the control group was lower than the experimental group 1,2,3,the differences have the statistical significance(P<0.05).Serum VEGF and Ang-2 were positively correlated in patients with renal cell carcinoma(r=0.732,P<0.05).Conclusion:Ang-2 and VEGF are highly expressed in peripheral blood of patients with renal cell carcinoma and are closely related to clinical stages, and Ang-2 and VEGF may interact with each other in the angiogenesis of renal cell carcinoma.
【Key words】 Renal cell carcinoma; Angiopoietin-2; Vascular endothelial growth factor
First-author’s address:Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030001,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.27.031
近年來泌尿系肿瘤的发病率逐年上升,其中肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)是泌尿系统中恶性程度较高、血管丰富的实体肿瘤,其发病率和死亡率仅次于排名第一的膀胱癌[1]。有研究发现,促血管生成素-2(Angiopoietin,Ang-2)在肿瘤新生血管的调节中起着重要的作用,与肿瘤血管的形成有密切的关系[2],抑制Ang-2可促进血管的稳定性和减少血管形成[3]。此外,血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)能直接作用于血管內皮细胞促进细胞增殖,能影响血管的形成和肿瘤的生长,与肿瘤的增殖、转移密切相关[4]。本研究着重探讨Ang-2、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在肾细胞癌的发生发展中所扮演的角色,现报道如下。
1 材料与方法
1.1 标本 收集2016年2-10月本院符合纳入标准的肾细胞癌患者血清标本56例为实验组,纳入标准:(1)需经病理证实为肾细胞癌;(2)实验组患者在确诊前未行手术治疗、化疗、放疗及其他抗肿瘤治疗;(3)无其他系统肿瘤、严重感染及肿瘤家族史。参照2010年美国肿瘤联会委员会(AJCC)的肿瘤分期标准将实验组分为实验1组(Ⅰ期)30例、实验2组(Ⅱ期)15例、实验3组(Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)11例,并选取体检健康的血清标本30例为对照组。四组患者的一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。 1.2 試剂与仪器 由武汉博士德生物工程有限公司提供Ang-2及VEGF的ELISA试剂盒。由山西医科大学第一医院病理科提供-80 ℃低温冰箱。恒温温育箱、分光光度计、恒温振荡器、离心机、酶标仪等实验仪器由山西医科大学分子生物实验室提供。
1.3 实验方法 采集血清标本:向所有受试抽血对象说明情况并取得知情同意后,于次日凌晨空腹抽血5 mL,常规分离血清冻存于-80 ℃低温冰箱保存待用,注意避免标本反复冻融。标本采集为同一个人,待所有标本收齐后,统一进行血清Ang-2和VEGF的浓度水平的检测,实验步骤严格按照ELISA试剂盒中的说明书进行操作。取3次测定值为均值,以标准物的质量浓度为横坐标,450 nm波长吸光度值(D)为纵坐标绘制标准曲线。样品的实际质量浓度(单位pg/mL)。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行处理分析,符合正态分布的采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示。多组比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),两两比较采用最小显著性差异法(LSD),相关分析采用Pearson检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
四组的VEGF两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验3组的Ang-2高于实验1组、实验2组、对照组,对照组的Ang-2低于实验1、2、3组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。肾细胞癌患者血清VEGF和Ang-2呈正相关(r=0.732,P<0.05)。
3 讨论
肿瘤是由肿瘤血管和肿瘤细胞两者构成的,其中肿瘤细胞对肿瘤血管的形成有促进作用,肿瘤血管的形成又可以营养肿瘤细胞,从而为肿瘤提供转移途径[5]。肿瘤血管生成过程复杂,是多种促进、抑制因子平衡后的结果,当促血管生成因子的作用强于抑制因子时,肿瘤血管便朝着生成这个方向启动[6]。
血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)为目前经典的调控血管生成物质,自2005年以来,通过抑制VEGF信号通路与哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)的七种新的靶向治疗药物已被批准用于治疗转移性肾细胞癌(mRCC)[7];Ang-2作为新的调控物质被发现表达在许多肿瘤中,例如:肝癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌等[8-11],该物质在正常人体呈低水平表达,但在以血管渗漏和炎症增加为特点的疾病中明显增高[12-13]。关于肿瘤的VEGF基因研究较多,多项研究均观察到VEGF与肿瘤分期相关[14]。本研究显示,Ang-2和VEGF在肾细胞癌患者血清中的表达均高于健康对照,且临床分期越晚的患者血清Ang-2和VEGF的表达水平越高,这与国内外多项研究结果相似[15-17]。
此外,本研究还发现,VEGF与Ang-2存在正相关(P<0.05),这提示Ang-2与VEGF在肿瘤血管的形成过程中可能存在相互协助的关系。Ang-2通过破坏血管的外基质与內皮细胞间的作用,从而强化部分受体对VEGF的敏感性,诱导增强血管重建相关物质产生;使得血管芽生增多,这对血管新生及维持、后期增生起重要作用,在肿瘤患者中这种过程变成了恶性循环[18]。
通过阻断肿瘤血管的生成从而抗肿瘤治疗成为一个研究热点[16],而由于肾细胞癌对化放疗均不是很敏感,且对免疫、瘤苗、基因等治疗方法的疗效还是很有限,因此以Ang-2家族作为肾细胞癌治疗的新靶点受到人们的关注[19]。临床研究表明,Ang-2的阻断剂可以阻断肿瘤生长及血管形成,特别是当结合VEGF的抗血管形成治疗时可以抑制随淋巴结转移、远处转移[20-21]。本实验受限于经费未就VEGF与Ang-2之间复杂的关系及相互作用方式展开研究,通过检测肾细胞癌血清中Ang-2和VEGF的含量希望揭示Ang-2的表达情况、影响因素以及其与经典的VEGF之间可能的相关作用,为肾细胞癌早发现、早诊断及新治疗机制提供方向。
参考文献
[1] Rini B I,Campbell S C,Escudier B.Renal cell carcinoma[J].Current Opinion in Oncology,2009,373(9669):1119.
[2] Ward E G,Grosios K,Markham A F,et al.Genomic structures of the human angiopoietins show polymorphism in angiopoietin-2[J].Cytogenetics & Cell Genetics,2001,94(3-4):147.
[3] Daly C,Eichten A,Castanaro C,et al.Angiopoietin-2 functions as a Tie2 agonist in tumor models, where it limits the effects of VEGF inhibition[J].Cancer Research,2013,73(1):108-118.
[4]李光远,于德新.VEGF与肾细胞癌研究进展[J].临床泌尿外科杂志,2009,24(1):74-78.
[5] Folkman J.Role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis[J].Seminars in Cancer Biology,1992,3(2):65-71.
[6] Kim D T E,Murren J R.Angiogenesis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J].American Journal of Respiratory Medicine Drugs Devices & Other Interventions,2012,1(5):325-338. [7] Escudier B, Kataja V,Group E G W.Renal cell carcinoma:ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis,treatment and follow-up[J].Annals of Oncology,2016,21(suppl 5):v137.
[8]何胜利,高勇,刘道永,等.Ang-1、Ang-2和Tie-2表达与肝癌血管生成的关系[J].临床肿瘤学杂志,2009,14(5):439-442.
[9] Christian S,Annarita D L,Ilaria C,et al.Angiopoietin-2 expression in breast cancer correlates with lymph node invasion and short survival[J].International Journal of Cancer Journal International Du Cancer,2003,103(4):466-474.
[10] Tanaka F,Ishikawa S,Yanagihara K,et al.Expression of angiopoietins and its clinical significance in non-small cell lung cancer[J].Cancer Research,2002,62(23):7124-7129.
[11] Etoh T,Inoue H,Tanaka S,et al.Angiopoietin-2 is related to tumor angiogenesis in gastric carcinoma:possible in vivo regulation via induction of proteases[J].Cancer Research,2001,61(5):2145-2153.
[12] Milam K E,Parikh S M.The angiopoietin-Tie2 signaling axis in the vascular leakage of systemic inflammation[J].Tissue Barriers,2015,3(2):e 957 508.
[13] Conroy A L,Glover S J,Hawkes M,et al.Angiopoietin-2 levels are associated with retinopathy and predict mortality in Malawian children with cerebral malaria:a retrospective case-control study[J].Critical Care Medicine,2012,40(3):952-959.
[14] Tomita Y.Renal cell carcinoma[J].Gan To Kagaku Ryoho,2014,41(2):172-177.
[15] Fagiani E,Christofori G.Angiopoietins in angiogenesis[J].Cancer Letters,2013,328(1):18-26.
[16] Gerald D,Chintharlapalli S,Augustin H G,et al.Angiopoietin-2: an attractive target for improved antiangiogenic tumor therapy[J].Cancer Research,2013,73(6):1649-1657.
[17] Wang X,Bullock A J,Zhang L,et al.The Role of Angiopoietins as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Renal Cell Carcinoma[J].Translational Oncology,2014,7(2):188-195.
[18] Holash J,Wiegand S J,Yancopoulos G D.New model of tumor angiogenesis:dynamic balance between vessel regression and growth mediated by angiopoietins and VEGF[J].Oncogene,1999,18(38):5356-5362.
[19] Tian G G,Dawson N A.New agents for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma[J].Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy,2001,1(4):546-554.
[20] Kienast Y,Klein C,Scheuer W,et al.Ang-2-VEGF-A CrossMab,a Novel Bispecific Human IgG1 Antibody Blocking VEGF-A and Ang-2 Functions Simultaneously,Mediates Potent Antitumor,Antiangiogenic,and Antimetastatic Efficacy[J].Clinical Cancer Research An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research,2013,19(24):6730-6740.
[21] Holopainen T,Saharinen P,D’Amico G,et al.Effects of Angiopoietin-2-Blocking Antibody on Endothelial Cell-Cell Junctions and Lung Metastasis[J].Cancerspectrum Knowledge Environment,2012,104(6):461-475.
(收稿日期:2017-08-10) (本文編輯:张爽)
【关键词】 肾细胞癌; 促血管生成素-2; 血管内皮生长因子
The Expression and Significance of Ang-2 and VEGF in Peripheral Blood of Renal Cell Carcinoma Patient/HAN Hui,WANG Yong-gang,LIU Shang-ying.//Medical Innovation of China,2017,14(27):110-112
【Abstract】 Objective:To investigate the expression of angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in peripheral blood of patients with renal cell carcinoma,and to explore the changes and their relationship.Method:56 renal cell carcinoma patients were selected,according to the tumor stage were divided into experimental group 1,2,3,30 healthy people were selected as the control group,specimens was detected by ELISA method Ang-2,the levels of VEGF,the above data were compared.Result:The differences between the four groups of VEGF compsred were statistically significant(P<0.05);the Ang-2 of experimental group 3 was higher than the experimental group 1,experimental group 2,control group,the Ang-2 of the control group was lower than the experimental group 1,2,3,the differences have the statistical significance(P<0.05).Serum VEGF and Ang-2 were positively correlated in patients with renal cell carcinoma(r=0.732,P<0.05).Conclusion:Ang-2 and VEGF are highly expressed in peripheral blood of patients with renal cell carcinoma and are closely related to clinical stages, and Ang-2 and VEGF may interact with each other in the angiogenesis of renal cell carcinoma.
【Key words】 Renal cell carcinoma; Angiopoietin-2; Vascular endothelial growth factor
First-author’s address:Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030001,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2017.27.031
近年來泌尿系肿瘤的发病率逐年上升,其中肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)是泌尿系统中恶性程度较高、血管丰富的实体肿瘤,其发病率和死亡率仅次于排名第一的膀胱癌[1]。有研究发现,促血管生成素-2(Angiopoietin,Ang-2)在肿瘤新生血管的调节中起着重要的作用,与肿瘤血管的形成有密切的关系[2],抑制Ang-2可促进血管的稳定性和减少血管形成[3]。此外,血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)能直接作用于血管內皮细胞促进细胞增殖,能影响血管的形成和肿瘤的生长,与肿瘤的增殖、转移密切相关[4]。本研究着重探讨Ang-2、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在肾细胞癌的发生发展中所扮演的角色,现报道如下。
1 材料与方法
1.1 标本 收集2016年2-10月本院符合纳入标准的肾细胞癌患者血清标本56例为实验组,纳入标准:(1)需经病理证实为肾细胞癌;(2)实验组患者在确诊前未行手术治疗、化疗、放疗及其他抗肿瘤治疗;(3)无其他系统肿瘤、严重感染及肿瘤家族史。参照2010年美国肿瘤联会委员会(AJCC)的肿瘤分期标准将实验组分为实验1组(Ⅰ期)30例、实验2组(Ⅱ期)15例、实验3组(Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)11例,并选取体检健康的血清标本30例为对照组。四组患者的一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。 1.2 試剂与仪器 由武汉博士德生物工程有限公司提供Ang-2及VEGF的ELISA试剂盒。由山西医科大学第一医院病理科提供-80 ℃低温冰箱。恒温温育箱、分光光度计、恒温振荡器、离心机、酶标仪等实验仪器由山西医科大学分子生物实验室提供。
1.3 实验方法 采集血清标本:向所有受试抽血对象说明情况并取得知情同意后,于次日凌晨空腹抽血5 mL,常规分离血清冻存于-80 ℃低温冰箱保存待用,注意避免标本反复冻融。标本采集为同一个人,待所有标本收齐后,统一进行血清Ang-2和VEGF的浓度水平的检测,实验步骤严格按照ELISA试剂盒中的说明书进行操作。取3次测定值为均值,以标准物的质量浓度为横坐标,450 nm波长吸光度值(D)为纵坐标绘制标准曲线。样品的实际质量浓度(单位pg/mL)。
1.4 统计学处理 采用SPSS 18.0统计软件进行处理分析,符合正态分布的采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示。多组比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),两两比较采用最小显著性差异法(LSD),相关分析采用Pearson检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
四组的VEGF两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验3组的Ang-2高于实验1组、实验2组、对照组,对照组的Ang-2低于实验1、2、3组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。肾细胞癌患者血清VEGF和Ang-2呈正相关(r=0.732,P<0.05)。
3 讨论
肿瘤是由肿瘤血管和肿瘤细胞两者构成的,其中肿瘤细胞对肿瘤血管的形成有促进作用,肿瘤血管的形成又可以营养肿瘤细胞,从而为肿瘤提供转移途径[5]。肿瘤血管生成过程复杂,是多种促进、抑制因子平衡后的结果,当促血管生成因子的作用强于抑制因子时,肿瘤血管便朝着生成这个方向启动[6]。
血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)为目前经典的调控血管生成物质,自2005年以来,通过抑制VEGF信号通路与哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)的七种新的靶向治疗药物已被批准用于治疗转移性肾细胞癌(mRCC)[7];Ang-2作为新的调控物质被发现表达在许多肿瘤中,例如:肝癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、胃癌等[8-11],该物质在正常人体呈低水平表达,但在以血管渗漏和炎症增加为特点的疾病中明显增高[12-13]。关于肿瘤的VEGF基因研究较多,多项研究均观察到VEGF与肿瘤分期相关[14]。本研究显示,Ang-2和VEGF在肾细胞癌患者血清中的表达均高于健康对照,且临床分期越晚的患者血清Ang-2和VEGF的表达水平越高,这与国内外多项研究结果相似[15-17]。
此外,本研究还发现,VEGF与Ang-2存在正相关(P<0.05),这提示Ang-2与VEGF在肿瘤血管的形成过程中可能存在相互协助的关系。Ang-2通过破坏血管的外基质与內皮细胞间的作用,从而强化部分受体对VEGF的敏感性,诱导增强血管重建相关物质产生;使得血管芽生增多,这对血管新生及维持、后期增生起重要作用,在肿瘤患者中这种过程变成了恶性循环[18]。
通过阻断肿瘤血管的生成从而抗肿瘤治疗成为一个研究热点[16],而由于肾细胞癌对化放疗均不是很敏感,且对免疫、瘤苗、基因等治疗方法的疗效还是很有限,因此以Ang-2家族作为肾细胞癌治疗的新靶点受到人们的关注[19]。临床研究表明,Ang-2的阻断剂可以阻断肿瘤生长及血管形成,特别是当结合VEGF的抗血管形成治疗时可以抑制随淋巴结转移、远处转移[20-21]。本实验受限于经费未就VEGF与Ang-2之间复杂的关系及相互作用方式展开研究,通过检测肾细胞癌血清中Ang-2和VEGF的含量希望揭示Ang-2的表达情况、影响因素以及其与经典的VEGF之间可能的相关作用,为肾细胞癌早发现、早诊断及新治疗机制提供方向。
参考文献
[1] Rini B I,Campbell S C,Escudier B.Renal cell carcinoma[J].Current Opinion in Oncology,2009,373(9669):1119.
[2] Ward E G,Grosios K,Markham A F,et al.Genomic structures of the human angiopoietins show polymorphism in angiopoietin-2[J].Cytogenetics & Cell Genetics,2001,94(3-4):147.
[3] Daly C,Eichten A,Castanaro C,et al.Angiopoietin-2 functions as a Tie2 agonist in tumor models, where it limits the effects of VEGF inhibition[J].Cancer Research,2013,73(1):108-118.
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(收稿日期:2017-08-10) (本文編輯:张爽)