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中国古代最早将理想政治生活的必然性和合法性寄托于天,而孟子通过赋予天以终极解释和终极价值的意涵,将这一问题转向对人性的探讨,从而使客观的天道具备了人道的主观价值。孟子明确了人禽之别在于人性内在的价值尺度,使人从动物式的生存转向道德性的社会生活,从而对承载价值理性的人做了进一步规定。孟子将价值理性把握为一种无限的思维指向而非一种认识结果,使个别之“民”向普遍之“人”的转向成为可能。孟子的人性学说实现了人的价值理性的自觉,在优良政治秩序构建的方法论意义上影响深远。
In ancient China, the inevitability and legitimacy of the ideal political life were first pinned on the sky. Mencius, by giving heaven the connotation of ultimate interpretation and ultimate value, shifted this issue to the exploration of human nature so that the objective Heaven possesses a humanistic Subjective value. Mencius made it clear that the difference between human beings lies in the intrinsic value scale of human nature, which makes people turn from animalistic existence to moral social life, so as to further stipulate the people who bear the value rationality. Mencius grasps the value rationality as an infinite point of thinking rather than a result of cognition, making it possible for individual “people ” to turn toward universal “people ”. Mencius’ theory of humanity has realized the value of human consciousness, and has a far-reaching significance in the methodology of building a good political order.