论文部分内容阅读
阅读理解试题主要用来测试学生的阅读速度、理解能力和记忆能力。有的采用一个句子,有的采用一段文章或整篇文章,内容广泛,题材各异。
以题目的难易程度分析,人们常常把它们分为表层理解和深层理解。所谓表层理解就是对文中的客观事实的感知和记忆,深层理解是根据文中的客观事实,在认真思考后进行逻辑推理、总结或概括,得出结论,或从上下文、字里行间悟出文中没有直接表达出来的而可能存在的和必然的结果来。
以题材或体裁论,大致有下述几种:
(1)记叙文(故事、人物小传、新闻报导、史地知识介绍等)。
(2)说明文(科普文章、说明书等)。
(3)论说文(有关政治、经济、社会各方面的论述)。
(4)应用文(书信、广告、通知等)。
做阅读理解题时要注意以下几点:
1. 要判断出所给文章的类别,根据各类文章的性质,在开始阅读后有意识地着重去掌握和记住某些关键的内容和词汇。这样既抓住了要害,又节省了时间,避免了在若干细节及无关全局的问题上纠缠,初中阶段,碰到的主要是记叙文。如果是故事或传记,就应特别注意找出主要人物、事件发生的时间、地点、主要情节以及最后结局。故事传记主要是叙述主人公的主要特征,他与其他重要人物之间的关系也应同时记住。新闻报导、史地知识介绍,往往是一人一事地介绍,比故事、传记要简单,但也离不开记叙文的基本特点,对于上述要求它们同样适用。而新闻报导特别强调时间性、准确性,因此要弄清楚时间、地点和数字。
2. 解题时不要边看问题边从文中查找答案,因为用这种方法难以提高阅读理解的效率,尤其是对于深层理解的文章。应浏览全文,了解全文的概貌。看完后,应记住文章的要点,重要的结论以及一些关键性的人名、地点、定义和数字(不同的人名、地点可用铅笔在试卷上分别打上不同的记号,以便查找)。
3. 要注意找出主题句,利用主题句来查找有关信息。一般来说,论述性较强的文章或说明文,每一段或相关的几段里总有一句话是主题句。读了主题句后,便能知道这一段大致的中心内容,因为主题句概括了全段的主要内容,而该段其余的句子则是用来阐述或说明主题句的。
4. 一定要掌握好解题速度,有效地控制考试时间,先易后难是考试时答题的一般方法。碰到难题时,千万不要钻牛角尖,耽误太多时间。一时做不出的题,要果断舍弃,以免影响解别的较有把握的题。待全部题解完后,如有剩余时间再回来做放弃的题。
5. 对于一般不影响句子或全文理解的生词,可以放过去,不必务求理解。遇到重要生词时,不要着急,也不要轻易放弃,我们可以采取根据上下文来猜词或根据构词法来猜词等方法来猜出这个词的大致意思。
6. 有的学生要用“顺读法”,就是先读短文后读题目,然后再读短文寻找正确答案。有的学生采用“倒读法”,就是先读题目(四个选项不读)后读短文,最后寻找答案。这里要重点推荐一下“倒读法”,因为这种阅读方法是带着问题阅读,目的明确,容易集中,能及时抓住文中与解题关系密切的信息,从而节省了阅读时间。“倒读法”对表层理解的题目(提问时间、地点、原因等)效果最好,对深层理解的题目,要从短文的整体内容出发,进行概括和总结,分析所提供选项,作出准确的判断。
总之,解答这类题的中心步骤就是阅读,既要阅读短文,又要阅读题目。阅读时要注意阅读技巧,提高阅读效率。在做到以上几点的基础上,就可以对文章后面所给的问题,分别用“一次判断”、“逐个分析”以及“排除法”等方式来进行判断解答了。
典型例题:
A)根据下面一篇短文的内容判断下列句子的正误,正确的用“T”表示,错误的用“F”表示。
Now TV programs play an important part in our daily life. We can get a lot of knowledge and a lot of fun from it. Today is Saturday. The following are some TV programs on different channels today. Now read these TV programs and try to find some information for you and your family members.
1. My grandfather is interested in laws. He can watch CCTV Channel 1 at noon.
2. My father is a football fan. He prefers football matches. He can watch CCTV Channel 1.
3. My mother likes watching TV plays. She wants to watch SXTV Channel 4 in the afternoon.
4. My sister is only six years old. I want to find a program for her. I think she can watch CCTV Channel 6.
5. I’m a student. I like music, but I am very busy tonight. So I can watch CCTV Channel 3 this evening.
答案与解析:1.T这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。从表中我们可以看到,中午12点38分中央电视台1频道有“今日说法”节目,祖父当然可以观看。 2.F这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。查看中央电视台1频道所有的节目没有一个是播放足球赛的,所以这个陈述是错误的。3.T这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。从表中我们可以看到,15点30分陕西电视台4频道播放电视剧,母亲完全可以看。4.T这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。从表中可以看到,中央电视台6频道18点30分有“卡通电影”节目,妹妹当然可以看。5.F这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。今天晚上我很忙,因此不可能看电视。
再看阅读理解B)部分:
B)阅读下面一篇短文,从每个小题所给的四个选项中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。
The undersea world is very beautiful. Now more and more people want to dive in the water to find the secrets there. Scuba-diving is a new sport today. It can take you into a wonderful undersea world.
You will find many strange animals in the sea. Some are as large as a school bus. Many sea animals give out light in the dark and some have sharp teeth.
During the day, there is enough light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green. When fish swim nearby, you can catch them with your hands. When you have bottles of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. However, you can’t dive too deep. And you must be very careful when you dive in deep water.
The deep sea is not an easy place to live in. It’s cold, and it’s dark, too. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is. At about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have no eyes. Some have big eyes. A few have eyes on one side.
Besides the cold and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger—other animals.
Animals eat! They must find food to eat. Many animals eat plants. However, some animals eat meat. This means these sea animals have two big jobs. They need to find animals as food, and they have to try not to become other animals’ meal.
1. Why do people want to dive in the sea? Because ____.
A. they want to catch fish
B. they want to find the secrets of the undersea world
C. the sea is deep
D. there are all kinds of plants in the sea
2. In the daytime, when you dive in the sea, you ____.
A. can see everything green and blue B. can’t be in danger
C. can catch nothing D. can’t see anything clearly
3. How many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea? ____.
A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four
4. When you do scuba-diving, you can ____.
A. stay in deep water for a long time B. dive very, very deep
C. live in deep water easily D. dive freely without any dangers
5. Which of the following is WRONG? ____.
A. One animal finds something to eat, and it may be eaten by others
B. At the depth of 3,000 feet under the sea, many animals can find their way by hearing and feeling
C. The deeper the sea is, the darker and colder it is
D. At the depth of 3,000 feet under the sea, all animals can find their way by seeing
答案与解析:1.B这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章开头的第二句明确说明了这一点。“现在越来越多的人想潜水,为的是寻找海下世界的秘密”。2.A这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章第三段开头“During the day, there is enough light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green.” 就说明了这一事实。3.C这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第5段说明了这一问题:Besides the cold and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger—other animals. 4.A这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第三段有这样一句话:When you have bottles of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. 背着空气瓶潜水就是“scuba-diving”。5.D这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第四段有这样的叙述:At about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have no eyes. 在3,000米的深处,一点光线都没有,很多鱼都没有眼睛,他们怎么能够通过“看”来找到路呢?
以题目的难易程度分析,人们常常把它们分为表层理解和深层理解。所谓表层理解就是对文中的客观事实的感知和记忆,深层理解是根据文中的客观事实,在认真思考后进行逻辑推理、总结或概括,得出结论,或从上下文、字里行间悟出文中没有直接表达出来的而可能存在的和必然的结果来。
以题材或体裁论,大致有下述几种:
(1)记叙文(故事、人物小传、新闻报导、史地知识介绍等)。
(2)说明文(科普文章、说明书等)。
(3)论说文(有关政治、经济、社会各方面的论述)。
(4)应用文(书信、广告、通知等)。
做阅读理解题时要注意以下几点:
1. 要判断出所给文章的类别,根据各类文章的性质,在开始阅读后有意识地着重去掌握和记住某些关键的内容和词汇。这样既抓住了要害,又节省了时间,避免了在若干细节及无关全局的问题上纠缠,初中阶段,碰到的主要是记叙文。如果是故事或传记,就应特别注意找出主要人物、事件发生的时间、地点、主要情节以及最后结局。故事传记主要是叙述主人公的主要特征,他与其他重要人物之间的关系也应同时记住。新闻报导、史地知识介绍,往往是一人一事地介绍,比故事、传记要简单,但也离不开记叙文的基本特点,对于上述要求它们同样适用。而新闻报导特别强调时间性、准确性,因此要弄清楚时间、地点和数字。
2. 解题时不要边看问题边从文中查找答案,因为用这种方法难以提高阅读理解的效率,尤其是对于深层理解的文章。应浏览全文,了解全文的概貌。看完后,应记住文章的要点,重要的结论以及一些关键性的人名、地点、定义和数字(不同的人名、地点可用铅笔在试卷上分别打上不同的记号,以便查找)。
3. 要注意找出主题句,利用主题句来查找有关信息。一般来说,论述性较强的文章或说明文,每一段或相关的几段里总有一句话是主题句。读了主题句后,便能知道这一段大致的中心内容,因为主题句概括了全段的主要内容,而该段其余的句子则是用来阐述或说明主题句的。
4. 一定要掌握好解题速度,有效地控制考试时间,先易后难是考试时答题的一般方法。碰到难题时,千万不要钻牛角尖,耽误太多时间。一时做不出的题,要果断舍弃,以免影响解别的较有把握的题。待全部题解完后,如有剩余时间再回来做放弃的题。
5. 对于一般不影响句子或全文理解的生词,可以放过去,不必务求理解。遇到重要生词时,不要着急,也不要轻易放弃,我们可以采取根据上下文来猜词或根据构词法来猜词等方法来猜出这个词的大致意思。
6. 有的学生要用“顺读法”,就是先读短文后读题目,然后再读短文寻找正确答案。有的学生采用“倒读法”,就是先读题目(四个选项不读)后读短文,最后寻找答案。这里要重点推荐一下“倒读法”,因为这种阅读方法是带着问题阅读,目的明确,容易集中,能及时抓住文中与解题关系密切的信息,从而节省了阅读时间。“倒读法”对表层理解的题目(提问时间、地点、原因等)效果最好,对深层理解的题目,要从短文的整体内容出发,进行概括和总结,分析所提供选项,作出准确的判断。
总之,解答这类题的中心步骤就是阅读,既要阅读短文,又要阅读题目。阅读时要注意阅读技巧,提高阅读效率。在做到以上几点的基础上,就可以对文章后面所给的问题,分别用“一次判断”、“逐个分析”以及“排除法”等方式来进行判断解答了。
典型例题:
A)根据下面一篇短文的内容判断下列句子的正误,正确的用“T”表示,错误的用“F”表示。
Now TV programs play an important part in our daily life. We can get a lot of knowledge and a lot of fun from it. Today is Saturday. The following are some TV programs on different channels today. Now read these TV programs and try to find some information for you and your family members.
1. My grandfather is interested in laws. He can watch CCTV Channel 1 at noon.
2. My father is a football fan. He prefers football matches. He can watch CCTV Channel 1.
3. My mother likes watching TV plays. She wants to watch SXTV Channel 4 in the afternoon.
4. My sister is only six years old. I want to find a program for her. I think she can watch CCTV Channel 6.
5. I’m a student. I like music, but I am very busy tonight. So I can watch CCTV Channel 3 this evening.
答案与解析:1.T这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。从表中我们可以看到,中午12点38分中央电视台1频道有“今日说法”节目,祖父当然可以观看。 2.F这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。查看中央电视台1频道所有的节目没有一个是播放足球赛的,所以这个陈述是错误的。3.T这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。从表中我们可以看到,15点30分陕西电视台4频道播放电视剧,母亲完全可以看。4.T这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。从表中可以看到,中央电视台6频道18点30分有“卡通电影”节目,妹妹当然可以看。5.F这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。今天晚上我很忙,因此不可能看电视。
再看阅读理解B)部分:
B)阅读下面一篇短文,从每个小题所给的四个选项中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。
The undersea world is very beautiful. Now more and more people want to dive in the water to find the secrets there. Scuba-diving is a new sport today. It can take you into a wonderful undersea world.
You will find many strange animals in the sea. Some are as large as a school bus. Many sea animals give out light in the dark and some have sharp teeth.
During the day, there is enough light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green. When fish swim nearby, you can catch them with your hands. When you have bottles of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. However, you can’t dive too deep. And you must be very careful when you dive in deep water.
The deep sea is not an easy place to live in. It’s cold, and it’s dark, too. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is. At about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have no eyes. Some have big eyes. A few have eyes on one side.
Besides the cold and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger—other animals.
Animals eat! They must find food to eat. Many animals eat plants. However, some animals eat meat. This means these sea animals have two big jobs. They need to find animals as food, and they have to try not to become other animals’ meal.
1. Why do people want to dive in the sea? Because ____.
A. they want to catch fish
B. they want to find the secrets of the undersea world
C. the sea is deep
D. there are all kinds of plants in the sea
2. In the daytime, when you dive in the sea, you ____.
A. can see everything green and blue B. can’t be in danger
C. can catch nothing D. can’t see anything clearly
3. How many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea? ____.
A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four
4. When you do scuba-diving, you can ____.
A. stay in deep water for a long time B. dive very, very deep
C. live in deep water easily D. dive freely without any dangers
5. Which of the following is WRONG? ____.
A. One animal finds something to eat, and it may be eaten by others
B. At the depth of 3,000 feet under the sea, many animals can find their way by hearing and feeling
C. The deeper the sea is, the darker and colder it is
D. At the depth of 3,000 feet under the sea, all animals can find their way by seeing
答案与解析:1.B这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章开头的第二句明确说明了这一点。“现在越来越多的人想潜水,为的是寻找海下世界的秘密”。2.A这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章第三段开头“During the day, there is enough light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green.” 就说明了这一事实。3.C这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第5段说明了这一问题:Besides the cold and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger—other animals. 4.A这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第三段有这样一句话:When you have bottles of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. 背着空气瓶潜水就是“scuba-diving”。5.D这是一道考查细节和事实的题目。文章的第四段有这样的叙述:At about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have no eyes. 在3,000米的深处,一点光线都没有,很多鱼都没有眼睛,他们怎么能够通过“看”来找到路呢?